Open Access
Research
(Published
online: 28-02-2017)
20.
Evaluation of some heavy metals
residues in batteries and deep litter rearing systems in Japanese
quail meat and offal in Egypt -
Ali M. Ahmed, Dalia M. Hamed
and Nagwa T. Elsharawy
Veterinary World, 10(2): 262-269
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2017.262-269
Ali M. Ahmed :
Department of
Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal
University, Egypt.
Dalia M. Hamed :
Department of
Poultry and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez
Canal University, Egypt.
Nagwa T. Elsharawy :
Department of Food
Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley, Assiut
University, Egypt.
Received: 18-08-2016, Accepted: 23-01-2017, Published online:
28-02-2017
Corresponding author:
Nagwa T.
Elsharawy, e-mail: dr.nagwa2004@yahoo.com
Citation:
Ahmed AM, Hamed DM, Elsharawy NT (2017) Evaluation of some heavy
metals residues in batteries and deep litter rearing systems in
Japanese quail meat and offal in Egypt, Veterinary World,
10(2): 262-269.
Abstract
Aim:
The main
objectives of this study were for comparing the effect of
batteries and deep litter rearing systems of domesticated Japanese
quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, on the concentration
levels of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc from the quail meat and
offal in Ismailia, Egypt.
Materials and
Methods:
A total of 40
quail meat and their offal samples were randomly collected from
two main quail rearing systems: Battery (Group I) and deep litter
system (Group II) for determination of concentration levels of
cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc. In addition, 80 water and feed
samples were randomly collected from water and feeders of both
systems in the Food Hygiene Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Suez Canal University for heavy metals determination.
Results:
The mean
concentration levels of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in Group I
were 0.010, 0.027, 1.137, and 0.516 ppm and for Group II were
0.093, 0.832, 0.601, and 1.651 ppm, respectively. The mean
concentration levels of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in quail
feed in Group I were 1.114, 1.606, 5.822, and 35.11 ppm and for
Group II were 3.010, 2.576, 5.852, and 23.616 ppm, respectively.
The mean concentration levels of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc
in quail meat for Group I were 0.058, 5.902, 10.244, and 290 ppm
and for Group II were 0.086, 6.092, 0.136, and 1.280 ppm,
respectively. The mean concentration levels of cadmium, copper,
lead, and zinc for liver samples in Group I were 0.15, 8.32, 1.05,
and 3.41 ppm and for Group II were 0.13, 8.88, 0.95, and 4.21 ppm,
respectively. The mean concentration levels of cadmium, copper,
lead, and zinc in kidney samples for the Group I were 0.24, 4.21,
1.96, and 4.03 ppm and for Group II were 0.20, 5.00, 1.56, and
3.78 ppm, respectively. Kidney had the highest concentration
levels of heavy metals followed by liver then muscles. The highest
concentration levels of copper were observed in liver samples. The
order of the levels of these trace elements obtained from the four
different quail organs is Ca > Pb > Zn > Cu. Lead and cadmium
concentration levels in quail meat samples were exceeded the
Egyptian standardization limits and suggesting a health threat
from lead and cadmium to the quail consumers.
Conclusion:
Battery
rearing system is more hygienic than deep litter system from the
point of heavy metals pollution of water and feeds of quail. Feed
samples from battery system had means concentration levels of lead
not significantly higher (p>0.05) than those samples from deep
litter system. Meanwhile, water samples from battery system had
means concentration levels of cadmium, copper, and zinc
significantly higher (p>0.05) than those samples from deep litter
system. Quail may carry health risks to consumers.
Keywords:
batteries, deep litter, heavy metals, offal, poultry meat.
References
|
1. Priti, M.
and Satish, S. (2014) Quail farming: An introduction. Int. J.
Life Sci., 2(2): 190-193. |
|
|
|
2. Benouadah,
A., Diafat, A. and Djellout, B. (2015) Assessment of trace
heavy metals contents of chicken from Algeria. Int. J. Plant
Anim. Environ. Sci., 5(2): 45-50. |
|
|
|
3. Donia,
G.R. (2015) Determination of some heavy elements residues in
some organs of migratory Quail in relation to public health.
Int. J. Sci. Res. IJSR, 4(10): 2048-2059. |
|
|
4.
Khalafalla, F.A., Abdel-Atty, N.S., Abd-El-Wahab, M.A., Ali,
O.I., Rofaida, B., Abo-Abduljaleel, S.A., Shuhaimi-Othman, M.
and Babji, A. (2012) Assessment of trace metals contents in
chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and Quail (Coturnix
coturnix japonica) tissues from Selangor. J. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 5(6): 441-451.
https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2012.441.451 |
|
|
5. Burger,
J., Veitch, C.R. and Gochfeld, M. (1994) Locational
differences in metal concentrations in feathers of
Australasian gannet (Morus serrator) in New Zealand. Environ.
Monit. Assess., 32: 47-57.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00548151
PMid:24214007 |
|
|
|
6. Akan,
J.C., Abdulrahman, F.I., Sodipo, O.A. and Chiroma, Y.A. (2010)
Distribution of heavy metals in the liver, kidney and meat of
beef, mutton, caprine and chicken from Kasuwan Shanu market in
Maiduguri metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. Res. J. Appl. Sci.
Eng. Technol., 2(8): 743-748. |
|
|
|
7. SCAN.
(2003) Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition: Opinion of
the Undesirable Substances in Feed. Adopted on 20 February
2003, updated on 25 April 2003). Available from: http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scan/out126_bis_en.pdf
. Last accessed on 24-11-2016. |
|
|
8. Jarup, L.
(2003) Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br. Med. Bull.,
68: 167-182.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032
PMid:14757716 |
|
|
9. Sathawara,
N.G., Parikh, D.J. and Agarwal, Y.K. (2004) Essential heavy
metals in environmental samples from western India. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 73: 264-269.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-004-0490-1
PMid:15389343 |
|
|
10. Gupta,
U.C. and Gupta, S.C. (1998) Trace elements toxicity
relationships to crop production and livestock and human
health: Implication for management. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant
Anal., 29: 1491-1522.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629809370045 |
|
|
|
11. Duruibe,
J.O., Oguwuegbu, M.O.C. and Egwurugwu, J.N. (2007) Heavy metal
pollution and human bio toxic effects. Int. J. Phys. Sci.,
2(5): 112-118. |
|
|
|
12. Young,
R.A. (2005) Toxicity Profiles: Toxicity Summary for Cadmium,
Risk Assessment Information System, RAIS, University of
Tennessee. Available from: http://www.rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/cadmium.shtml
, Last accessed on 20-06-2016. |
|
|
|
13. John,
H.H. and Jeanne, I.R. (1994) Food additives, contaminants and
natural toxins. In: Maurice, E.S., James, A.O., Moshe, S.L.
and Febiger, M. P. editors. Modern Nutrition in Health and
Disease. Part. II. 8th ed. Lea & Febiger, Malvern,
Pennsylvania. p1597-1598. |
|
|
|
14. Reddy,
A.T.V. and Yellamma, K. (1996) Cadmium chloride induced
alteration in the detoxification enzymes of rat liver and
kidney. Pollut. Res., 15: 371-373. |
|
|
15. Dong,
Z., Wang, L., Xu, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S. and Miao,
J. (2009) Promotion of autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis
by low concentrations of cadmium in vascular endothelial
cells. Toxicol. In Vitro, 23(1): 105-110.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2008.11.003
PMid:19061949 |
|
|
16. Emin,
O.O., Hayati, Y., Yasar, E., Cevik, T.A. and Gunfer, T. (2010)
The effects of copper sulfate on liver histology and
biochemical parameters of term ross broiler chicks. Biol.
Trace Elem. Res., 133: 335-341.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8447-1
PMid:19597723 |
|
|
|
17.
Cunningham, W.P. and Saigo, B.W. (1997) Environmental Science
a Global Concern. 4th ed. WMC Brown Publisher, New York. p389. |
|
|
18. Baykov,
B.D., Stoyanov, M.P. and Gugova, M.L. (1996) Cadmium and lead
bioaccumulation in male chickens for high food concentrations.
Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 54: 155-159.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249609358308 |
|
|
|
19. ATSDR.
(2007) Toxicological Profile for Lead. US Department of Health
and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. Available from:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Last accessed on 18-06-2016. |
|
|
|
20. ATSDR.
(2004) Division of Toxicology. Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles.
, Last accessed on 21-07-2016. |
|
|
|
21. Argonne
National Laboratory, Environmental Science Division (EVS),
Human Health Fact Sheet. (2005). Available from: http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/zinc.pdf.
, Last accessed on 24-11-2016. |
|
|
|
22. Mariam,
I., Iqbal, S. and Nagra, S.A. (2004) Distribution of some
trace and macro minerals in beef, mutton and poultry. Int. J.
Agric. Biol., 6: 816-820. |
|
|
|
23. Iwcgbuc,
C.M.A., Nwajei, G.E. and Iyoha, E.H. (2008) Heavy metal
residues of chicken meat and gizzard and Turkey meat consumed
in Southern Nigeria. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 11(4): 275-280. |
|
|
24. Uluozlu,
O.D., Tuzen, M., Mendil, D. and Soylak, M. (2009) Assessment
of trace element contents of chicken products from Turkey.
Hazard. Mater., 163: 982-987.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.050
PMid:18752893 |
|
|
25. Germs,
A.C. and Stennenberg, H. (1978) Estimating calcium in
mechanically deboned poultry meat by oxidimetry and atomic
absorption spectrophotometry. Food Chem., 3(3): 213-219.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(78)90021-3 |
|
|
|
26. Ozdamar,
K. (1991) Biostatistics with SPSS. Kann Press, Eskisehir.
p2-23. |
|
|
|
27. WHO.
(2011) Cadmium. Environmental Health Criteria 134. World
Health Organisation, International Programme on Chemical
Safety (IPCS), Geneva, Switzerland. |
|
|
|
28. Zhuang,
J., Liu, Y., Wu, Z., Sun, Y. and Lin, L. (2009) Hydrolysis of
wheat straw hemicellulose and detoxification of the
hydrolysate for xylitol production. BioResources, 4(2):
674-686. |
|
|
|
29. Nicolas,
O., Osuji, L.C. and Onwuachu, U.I. (2012) Estimation of
dietary intake of cadmium, lead, manganese, zinc and nickel
due to consumption of chicken meat by inhabitants of
Port-Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res.,
4(1): 675-684. |
|
|
|
30. Skalicka,
M., Korenekova, B. and Nad, P. (2008) Distribution of trace
elements in liver and muscle of Japanese Quails. Slovak J.
Anim. Sci., 41(4): 187-189. |
|
|
|
31. EOS.
(2010) Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality
Control. Maximum Level for Certain Contaminants in Food
Stuffs. ES No. 7136/2010. |
|
|
32. Jevsnik,
M. and Doganoc, D.Z. (2003) Trace elements in Slovenia poultry
tissues. J. Food Prot., 66: 686-690.
https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-66.4.686
PMid:12696698 |
|
|
33. Magali,
L., Andre, J.M., Bernadet, M.D., Gontier, K., Gerard, G. and
Davail, S. (2008) Concentrations of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg) in
three domestic ducks in France: Pekin, Muscovy and Mule ducks.
J. Agric. Food Chem., 56: 281-288.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf072523x
PMid:18072740 |
|
|
|
34. Khan,
M.Z., Perween, S.H., Gabol, K., Khan, I.S. and Baig, N. (2015)
Concentrations of heavy metals in liver, meat and blood of
poultry chicken Gallus domesticus in three selected cities of
Pakistan. Can. J. Pure Appl. Sci., 9(1): 3313-3324. |
|
|
|
35.
Kottferova, J., Korenekova, B. and Skalicka, M. (2002) Zinc
levels in poultry meat. Trace Elem. Electrolytes, 19: 91-93. |
|
|
|
36. Okoye,
C.O.B., Ibeto, C.N. and Ihedioha, J.N. (2011) Assessment of
heavy metals in chicken feeds sold in South Eastern, Nigeria.
Pelagia research library. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(3): 63-68.
Available from: http://www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com. , Last
accessed on 28-05-2016. |
|
|
37. Raj, J.,
Raina, A., Mohinees, A. and Dogra, D. (2013) Direct
Determination of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper Metal in Tap
Water of Delhi (India) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
Technique. E3S Web of Conferences. Available from:
http://www.e3s-conferences.org or http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130109009.,
Last accessed on 23-04-2016.
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130109009 |
|
|
|
38. Abdou,
K.A., Khadiga, I.A., Mahmoud, A.S. and Housen, M.S. (2016)
Distributions of metals (Cadmium, Lead, Iron, Manganese, Zinc
and Copper) in water, aquatic plant and fish in the river
Nile. Chem. Res. J., 1(3): 43-56. |
|
|
|
39. Suganya,
T., Senthilkumar, S., Deepa, K., Muralidh, J., Sasikumar, P.
and Muthusamy, N. (2016) Metal toxicosis in poultry - A review
article. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol., 5(2): 515-524. |
|
|
|
40. Maff, L.
(1994) Fertilizer Recommendations for Agricultural and
Horticultural Crops. Reference Book 209. HMSO, London. |
|
|
41. Torra,
M., To-Figueras, J., Rodamilans, M., Brunet, J. and Corbella,
J. (1995) Cadmium and zinc relationships in liver and kidney
of humans exposed to environmental cadmium. Sci. Total
Environ., 170: 53-57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04534-8 |
|
|
|
42. Reem,
T.H., Hussain, M., Ebraheem, K.H. and Hanady, M. (2012)
Assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) contents in livers
of chicken available in the local markets of Basrah city,
IRAQ. Basrah J. Vet. Res., 11(1): 43-51. |
|
|
|
43. Herzig,
I., Narratilora, M., Suchy, P., Vecerek, V. and Totusek, J.
(2007) Model trial investigating retention in selected tissues
using broiler chicken fed cadmium and humic acid. Vet. Med.,
52(4): 162-168. |
|
|
44.
Nordberg, G., Jin, T., Bernard, A., Fierens, S., Buchet, J.P.
and Ye, T. (2002) Low bone density and renal dysfunction
following environmental cadmium exposure in China. Ambio, 31:
478-481.
https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-31.6.478
PMid:12436846 |
|
|
45. Saha, N.
and Zaman, M.R. (2012) Evaluation of possible health risks of
heavy metals by consumption of foodstuffs available in the
central market of Rajshahi city, Bangladesh. Environ. Monit.
Assess., 185: 3867-3878.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2835-2
PMid:22933105 |
|
|
|
46. Nkansah,
A.M. and Ansah, J.K. (2014) Determination of Cd, Hg, As, Cr
and Pb levels in meat from the Kumasi Central Abattoir. Int.
J. Sci. Res. Publ., 4(8): 2250-3153. |
|
|
47. Youssef,
A.I. and Mansour, D.H. (2014) Potential role of migratory
Quail in spreading of some zoonotic pathogens in Egypt. Am. J.
Anim. Vet. Sci., 9(4): 203-210.
https://doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2014.203.210 |
|
|
48.
Abduljaleel, S.A., Shuhaimi-Othman, M. and Babj, A. (2012)
Assessment of trace metals contents in chicken (Gallus gallus
domesticus) and Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) tissues
from Selangor (Malaysia). J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 5:
441-451.
https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2012.441.451 |
|
|
|
49. WHO,
(World Health Organization). (1996) Trace Elements in Human
Nutrition and Health. WHO, Geneva. p76-141. |
|
|
50. Mahmoud,
M. and Abdel-Mohsein, H. (2015) Health risk assessment of
heavy metals for Egyptian population via consumption of
poultry edibles. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 3(1): 58-70.
https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.1.58.70 |
|
|
|
51.
Ghimpeteanu, O.M., Das, K., Militaru, M. and Scippo, M.L.
(2012) Assessment of heavy metals and mineral nutrients in
poultry liver using inductively coupled plasma- Mass
spectrometer (ICP-MS) and direct mercury analyzer (DMA). Bull.
UASMV Vet. Med., 69(1-2): 285-266. |
|
|
52.
Canfield, R.L., Henderson, C.R.Jr., Cory-Slechta, D.A., Cox,
C., Jusko, T.A. and Lanphear, B.P. (2003) Intellectual
impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10
microg perdeciliter. N. Engl. J. Med., 348(16): 1517-1526.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022848
PMid:12700371 PMCid:PMC4046839 |
|
|
53. Trampel,
D.W., Imerman, P.M., Carson, T.L., Kinker, J.A. and Ensley,
S.M. (2003) Lead contamination of chicken eggs and tissues
from a small farm flock. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 15: 418-422.
https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500503
PMid:14535540 |
|
|
|
54. Zaheer
Khan, M., Shahnaz P., Karim G., Iqbal, S., Nadeem, B., Roohi,
K. and Tanveer, J. (2015) Concentrations of heavy metals in
liver, meat and blood of poultry chicken Gallus domesticus in
three selected cities of Pakistan. Can. J. Pure. Appl. Sci.,
9(1): 3313-3324. |
|
|
|
55. Soetan,
K.O., Olaiya, C.O. and Oyewole, O.E. (2010) The importance of
mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants: A
review. Afr. J. Food Sci., 4(5): 200-222. |
|
|
|
56. Mineral
Information Institute. (2012) The Role of Elements in Life
Processes: Minerals, Elements and Nutrition. Available from:
http://www.mii.org/periodic/lifeelement.html. Accessed on
15-04-2012. |
|
|
|
57. Hala,
S.H., Mohamed, H. and Shireen, M.N. (2009) Estimation of some
heavy metals in chicken. Egypt. J. Comp. Pathol. Clin. Pathol.,
22(3): 24-36. |
|
