doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1210-1213
Share this article on [Facebook] [LinkedIn]
Article history: Received: 13-05-2018, Accepted: 16-07-2018, Published online: 04-09-2018
Corresponding author: Muthanna Hadi Hussain
E-mail: muthanna.hussain@qu.edu.iq
Citation: Mansour KA, Naser HH, Hussain MH (2018) Clinical, molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis study of local foot-and-mouth disease virus in Al-Qadisiyah province of Iraq, Veterinary World, 11(9):1210-1213.Aim: This study was directed during an outbreak of suspected foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle in Al-Qadisiyah province, Iraq 2016. The disease has made a huge economic loss in livestock. It was suspected that the vaccination has failed to protect the animals from the infection because of the difference in the strains. Consequently, we designed the study to make the diagnosis and detect the strain of the causative virus.
Materials and Methods: The extraction of the DNA was done on 73 samples and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was used in the detection of FMD virus (FMDV) for primary diagnosis, and serotype-specific diagnosis was done with universal primer sets 1F/1R, A-1C612, and O-ARS4 with the expected band of 329, 865, and 1301 bp, respectively.
Results: Universal primer pair 1F/1R detected FMD in 55 of 73 (75.3%); of these, 37 (67.3%) were females and 18 (32.7%) were males, with high significance (p<0.01) between males and females in the PCR positivity ratio. The tested samples with positive universal primer were amplified with specific primers A-IC612 with no reaction for serotype O-ARS4.
Conclusion: The products of RT-PCR were sent for RNA sequencing, and the results were 100% positive to serotype A which means that it is the predominant type in Iraq. It may help in the importing or production of the vaccine to make a preventive plan for the disease. The virus of FMD is contagious and dangerous due to its role in the huge economic loses. The detection of this virus is widely explained in lots of articles, but it is more specific and sensitive in RT-PCR and sequencing. Consequently, the authorities responsible for importing and/or production vaccines have to avoid the importing of other serotypes because it will be losing money and more outbreaks will explode.
Keywords: cattle, clinical, foot-and-mouth disease, Iraq, polymerase chain reaction.
1. Domingo, E., Escarmi, S.C. and Baranowski, E. (2003) Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Res., 91: 47-63. [Crossref]
2. Radostitis, O.M., Blood, D.C. and Gay, C.C. (1994) Text Book of the Disease of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses. 8th ed. W.B. Saunders Company Ltd., London Philadelphia Toronto Sydney Tokyo. p965-974.
3. El Idrissi, A. and AGAH-FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (1998) Overview of the Foot-and-Mouth (FMD) Disease Control Programme in Iraq with Particular Reference to the Northern Governorates. Appendix 7.
4. Qassim, H.K. and Kh, J.F. (2011) Draw the epidemiological map of FMD in Iraq according to the official records. AL-Qadisiyah J. Vet. Med. Sci., 10: 54-67.
5. Cuijpers, M.P. and Osinga, K.J. (2002) The position of the Dutch farmers' union on lessons learned and future prevention and control of foot and mouth disease. Rev. Sci. Tech., 21(3): 839-850. [Crossref]
6. Haydon, D.T. and Bastos, A.D. (2001) Evidence for positive selection in foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid genes from field isolates. Genetics, 157: 7-15. [PubMed] [PMC]
7. Tully, D.C. and Fares, M.A. (2009) Shifts in the selection-drift balance drive the evolution and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol., 83: 781-790. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
8. Jamal, S.M. and Ferrari, G. (2011a) Genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 1997-2009. Infect. Genet. Evol., 11: 1229-1238. [Crossref] [PubMed]
9. Knowles, N.J. and Samuel, A.R. (2003) Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Res., 91: 65-80. [Crossref]
10. Mohapatra, J.K., Subramaniam, S. and Pandey, L.K. (2011) Phylogenetic structure of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus: Global diversity and the Indian perspective. J. Gen. Virol., 92: 873-879. [Crossref]
11. Kitching, R.P. (2005) Global epidemiology and prospects for control of foot-and-mouth disease. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 288: 133-148. [Crossref] [PubMed]
12. Domingo, E., Baranowski, E. and Escarmis, C. (2002) Foot-and-mouth disease virus. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 25: 297-308. [Crossref]
13. Office International des Epizooties (OIE). (2018) Foot and Mouth Disease. In: Anonymous. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Available from: http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D6460.PDF. Accessed on 16-02-2018.
14. Sehrish, K., Ali, S., Muhammad, M. and Memoona, A. (2014) Phylogenetics of foot and mouth disease virus in Punjab, Pakistan. Br. J. Virol., 1(1): 21-28.
15. Walker, S.E. and Lorsch, J. (2013) Sanger dideoxy sequencing of DNA. Methods Enzymol., 529: 84-171. [Crossref] [PubMed]
16. Rodriguez, L.L. and Gay, C.G. (2011) Development of vaccines toward the global control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. Expert Rev. Vaccin., 10: 377-387. [Crossref] [PubMed]
17. David, J.P., Simon, G. and Donald, P.K. (2018) Understanding the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus at different scales. Curr. Opin. Virol., 28: 85-91. [Crossref] [PubMed]
18. Saeed, A., Sehrish, K., Memoona, A., Muhammad, A., Rehan, S.S. and Muhammad, A. (2015) Foot-and-mouth disease: Overview of motives of disease spread and efficacy of available vaccines. J. Anim. Sci. Tech., 57: 10. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
19. Adnan, M. (2014) Detection of cattle foot and mouth disease virus by RT-PCR and ELISA. Kufa J. Vet. Med. Sci., 5: 319-331.