Preventive antimicrobial action and tissue architecture ameliorations of Bacillus subtilis in challenged broilers

Research (Published online: 26-02-2021)

26. Preventive antimicrobial action and tissue architecture ameliorations of Bacillus subtilis in challenged broilers

Essam S. Soliman, Rania T. Hamad and Mona S. Abdallah

Veterinary World, 14(2): 523-536

Essam S. Soliman: Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonosis, and Animal Behavior, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.

Rania T. Hamad: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Al Minufya 33511, Egypt.

Mona S. Abdallah: Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.

doi: www.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.523-536

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Article history: Received: 15-09-2020, Accepted: 19-01-2021, Published online: 26-02-2021

Corresponding author: Essam S. Soliman

E-mail: soliman.essam@vet.suez.edu.eg

Citation: Soliman ES, Hamad RT, Abdallah MS (2021) Preventive antimicrobial action and tissue architecture ameliorations of Bacillus subtilis in challenged broilers, Veterinary World, 14(2): 523-536.

Abstract

Background and Aim: Probiotics improve intestinal balance through bacterial antagonism and competitive exclusion. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity, as well as the in vivo preventive, immunological, productive, and histopathological modifications produced by probiotic Bacillus subtilis.

Materials and Methods: The in vitro antimicrobial activities of B. subtilis (5×10⁶ CFU/g; 0.5, 1.0*, 1.5, and 2.0 g/L) were tested against Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Candida albicans, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes after exposure times of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 h using minimal inhibitory concentration procedures. A total of 320 1-day-old female Ross broiler chickens were divided into five groups. Four out of the five groups were supplemented with 0.5, 1.0*, 1.5, and 2.0 g/L probiotic B. subtilis from the age of 1 day old. Supplemented 14-day-old broiler chickens were challenged with only E. coli O157: H7 (4.5×10¹² CFU/mL) and S. Typhimurium (1.2×10⁷ CFU/mL). A total of 2461 samples (256 microbial-probiotic mixtures, 315 sera, 315 duodenal swabs, and 1575 organs) were collected.

Results: The in vitro results revealed highly significant (p<0.001) killing rates at all-time points in 2.0 g/L B. subtilis: 99.9%, 90.0%, 95.6%, and 98.8% against E. coli, S. Typhimurium, C. albicans, and T. mentagrophytes, respectively. Broilers supplemented with 1.5 and 2.0 g/L B. subtilis revealed highly significant increases (p<0.01) in body weights, weight gains, carcass weights, edible organs' weights, immune organs' weights, biochemical profile, and immunoglobulin concentrations, as well as highly significant declines (p<0.01) in total bacterial, Enterobacteriaceae, and Salmonella counts. Histopathological photomicrographs revealed pronounced improvements and near-normal pictures of the livers and hearts of broilers with lymphoid hyperplasia in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen after supplementation with 2.0 g/L B. subtilis.

Conclusion: The studies revealed that 1.5-2.0 g of probiotic B. subtilis at a concentration of 5×10⁶ CFU/g/L water was able to improve performance, enhance immunity, and tissue architecture, and produce direct antimicrobial actions.

Keywords: broiler chickens, histopathological photomicrographs, immunity, in vitro antimicrobial, in vivo preventive, probiotics.