Open Access
Research (Published online: 26-11-2022)
20. Efficacy, humoral, and cell-mediated immune response of inactivated fowl adenovirus 8b propagated in chicken embryo liver cells using bioreactor in broiler chickens
Chidozie Clifford Ugwu, Mohd Hair-Bejo, Mat Isa Nurulfiza, Abdul Rahman Omar, and Aini Ideris
Veterinary World, 15(11): 2681-2692

Chidozie Clifford Ugwu: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri 460114, Imo State, Nigeria.
Mohd Hair-Bejo: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
Mat Isa Nurulfiza: Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
Abdul Rahman Omar: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
Aini Ideris: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.

doi: www.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.2681-2692

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Article history: Received: 16-08-2022, Accepted: 19-10-2022, Published online: 26-11-2022

Corresponding author: Mohd Hair-Bejo

E-mail: mdhair@upm.edu.my

Citation: Ugwu CC, Hair-Bejo M, Nurulfiza MI, Omar AR, and Ideris A (2022) Efficacy, humoral, and cell-mediated immune response of inactivated fowl adenovirus 8b propagated in chicken embryo liver cells using bioreactor in broiler chickens, Veterinary World, 15(11): 2681–2692.
Abstract

Background and Aim: Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) 8b causes inclusion body hepatitis, resulting in major economic losses globally among chickens. The objectives were to inactivate FAdV 8b isolate propagated in chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells using a stirred tank bioreactor (UPM08136P5B1) and determine the humoral and cell-mediated immune response, efficacy, and virus shedding in broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: The FAdV 8b isolate UPM08136P5B1 was inactivated using binary ethyleneimine, adjuvanted with Montanide 71VG, inoculated into day-old broiler chickens in a booster group (BG) and non-booster group (NBG), and challenged with a pathogenic FAdV 8b strain. Clinical signs, gross lesions, body weight (BW), liver: body weight ratio, FAdV antibody titer using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and histopathological changes were recorded. The CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-lymphocyte profiles of the liver, spleen, and thymus using flow cytometry, and viral load in liver and cloacal shedding using quantitative polymerase chain reaction were evaluated.

Results: Chickens in the challenged control group (CCG) exhibited mild clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathological changes, which were absent in the inoculated groups, and had lower BW and higher liver BW ratio than chickens in the unchallenged control group (UCG); BG and NBG on 35- and 42-days post-inoculation (DPI). Chickens in NBG and BG had higher antibodies than UCG on 7, 21, 35, and 42 DPI. The challenged BG and NBG produced higher antibodies than the CCG on 35 DPI. T-lymphocytes were higher among the inoculated groups than UCG in the liver, spleen, and thymus. Inoculated challenged groups recorded higher CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-lymphocytes on 35 and 42 DPI than CCG. The challenged control group had a significantly higher viral load in the liver than challenged that in BG on 35 DPI and BG and NBG on 42 DPI. The challenged control group had significantly higher challenge FAdV shedding than challenged inoculated groups on 35 and NBG on 42 DPI.

Conclusion: UPM08136P5B1 was successfully inactivated and mixed with Montanide 71VG. The inactivated vaccine candidate that induced humoral and cellular immunity was effective, reduced FAdV load in the liver, and shedding in the cloaca, and could be useful against FAdV 8b infections in chickens.

Keywords: bioreactor, broiler chickens, efficacy, fowl adenovirus serotype 8b, humoral and cell-mediated immunity.