Open Access
Copyright: The authors. This article is an open access
article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) which permits unrestricted use,
distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly
cited.
R esearch
(Published online:
22-10-2015)
11. Efficacy of pine leaves as
an alternative bedding material for broiler chicks during summer
season - Gourav Sharma, Asma Khan,
Surender Singh and Ashok Kumar Anand
Veterinary World, 8(10): 1219-1224
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2015.1219-1224
Gourav
Sharma:
Division of Livestock Production and Management, Faculty of
Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir
University
of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S.Pura, Jammu -
181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India; dr.gourav3152@gmail.com
Asma
Khan:
Division of Livestock Production and Management, Faculty of
Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir
University
of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S.Pura, Jammu -
181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India; asmakhan_70@yahoo.co.in
Surender Singh:
Division of Livestock Production and Management, Faculty of
Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir
University
of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S.Pura, Jammu -
181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India; surindersingh185@gmail.com
Ashok
Kumar Anand: Division of Livestock Production and Management,
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu,
R.S.Pura, Jammu - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
ashokkumaranand91@gmail.com
Received: 20-05-2015, Revised: 01-09-2015, Accepted: 08-09-2015,
Published online: 22-10-2015
Corresponding author:
Gourav Sharma, e-mail: dr.gourav3152@gmail.com
Citation:
Sharma G, Khan A,
Singh S, Anand AK (2015) Efficacy of pine leaves as an alternative
bedding material for broiler chicks during summer season,
Veterinary World 8(10): 1219-1224.
Abstract
Aim:
The aim was to assess the efficacy of pine leaves as an
alternative bedding material on the performance of broiler chicks.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in
summer. Total 120, day old Vencobb straight run chicks were
procured, and after 5 days of brooding, chicks were randomly
distributed into four treatment groups viz. paddy husk (Group I),
paddy straw (Group II), pine leaves (Group III), and combination
of paddy straw and pine leaves (Group IV), each having 30 chicks
with 3 replicates of 10 chicks each. Chicks were reared under
intensive conditions in houses that have a semi-controlled
environment, with optimum temperature and adequate ventilation.
Food and water were provided as per NRC (1994) requirement.
Results: The average body weight after 6 weeks of the
experiment was 2018.83±31.11, 1983.80±33.27, 2007.36±35.73, and
1938.43±36.35 g. The bedding type had no significant effect on the
carcass characteristics viz. evisceration rate and proportion of
cut-up parts of the carcass except giblet yield. The experiment
suggested that performance of broiler chicks reared on paddy straw
and pine leaves as litter material, had improved body weight and
feed conversion ratio as compared to rearing on paddy husk as
bedding material. Bacterial count, parasitic load and the N, P, K
value of manure of different bedding material shows no significant
difference.
Conclusion: Pine leaves have a potential to be used as an
alternative source of litter material to economize poultry
production in a sustainable way, so as to make poultry farming as
a profitable entrepreneur.
Keywords: litter material, paddy husk, paddy
straw, pine leaves.
References
1. FAO. (2010) Agricultural Handbook: Poultry Meat and Eggs.
1st ed. FAO Investment Centre Division, Rome Italy. |
|
2. Lien, R.J., Conner, D.E. and Bilgili, S.F. (1992) The use
of recycled paper chips as litter material for rearing broiler
chickens. Poult. Sci., 71: 81-87.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0710081 |
|
3. Grimes, J.L., Carter, T.A. and Godwin, J.L. (2006) Use of a
litter material made from cotton waste, gypsum, and old
newsprint for rearing broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 85:
563-568.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.3.563
PMid:16553290 |
|
4. Brake, J.D., Boyle, C.R., Chamblee, T.N., Schultz, C.D. and
Peebles, E.D. (1992) Evaluation of the chemical and physical
properties of hardwood bark used as a broiler litter material.
Poult. Sci., 71: 467-472.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0710467 |
|
5. Malone, G.W., Tilmon, E.D. and Taylor, R.W. (1990)
Evaluation of kenaf core for broiler litter. Poult. Sci., 69:
2064-2067.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0692064 |
|
6. Lien, R.J., Hess, J.B., Conner, D.E., Wood, C.W. and
Shelby, R.A. (1998) Peanut hulls and a litter source for
broiler breeder replacement pullets. Poult. Sci., 77: 41-46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.1.41
PMid:9469749 |
|
7. Billgilli, S.F., Montenegro, G.I., Hess, J.B. and Eckman,
M.K. (1999a) Sand as litter for rearing broiler chickens. J.
Appl. Poult. Res., 8: 345-351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/8.3.345 |
|
8. Shields, S.J., Garner, J.P. and Mench, J.A. (2005) Effect
of sand and wood shavings bedding on the behavior of broiler
chickens. Poult. Sci., 84: 1816-1824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.12.1816
PMid:16479936 |
|
9. Veltmann, L.R., Cardoer, F.A. and Unlon, S.S. (1984)
Comparison of rice hull products as litter material and
dietary fat levels on turkey poult performance. Poult. Sci.,
63: 2345-2351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0632345 |
|
10. Chamblee, T.N. and Yeatman, J.B. (2003) Evaluation of rice
hull ash as broiler litter. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 12: 424-427.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/12.4.424 |
|
11. Benabdeljelil, K. and Ayachi, A. (1996) Evaluation of
alternative litter materials for poultry. J. Appl. Poult.
Res., 5: 203-209.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/5.3.203 |
|
12. Parsons, A.H. and Baker, S.L. (1985) Softwood chipping
fines efficacy as poultry litter. Poult. Sci., 64: 2292-2295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0642292 |
|
13. Pandey, P.K. and Soupir, M.L. (2011) Escherichia coli
inactivation kinetics in anaerobic digestion of dairy manure
under moderate, mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures.AMB
Express, 1: 18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2191-0855-1-18
PMid:21906374 PMCid:PMC3222320 |
|
14. Pote, D.H., Way, T.R., Kleinman, P.J., Moore, P.A., Jr.,
Meisinger, J.J., Sistani, K.R., Saporito, L.S., Allen, A.L.
and Feyereisen, G.W. (2011) Subsurface application of poultry
litter in pasture and no-till soils. J. Environ. Qual., 40:
402-411.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0352
PMid:21520747 |
|
15. Watts, D.B., Way, T.R. and Torbert, H.A. (2011) Subsurface
application of poultry litter and its influence on nutrient
losses in runoff water from permanent pastures. J Environ.
Qual., 40: 421-430.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0089
PMid:21520749 |
|
16. Garces, A., Afonso, S.M.S., Chilundo, A. and Jairoce,
C.T.S. (2013) Evaluation of different litter materials for
broiler production in a hot and humid environment: 1. Litter
characteristics and quality. J. Appl. Pout. Res., 22: 168-176.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00547 |
|
17. Wilkinson, K.G., Tee, E., Tomkins, R.B., Hepworth, G. and
Premier, R. (2011) Effect of heating and aging of poultry
litter on the persistence of enteric bacteria. Poult. Sci.,
90: 10-18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01023
PMid:21177438 |
|
18. Kim, J., Diao, J., Shepherd, M.W., Jr., Singh, R.,
Heringa, S.D., Gong, C. and Jiang, X. (2012) Validating
thermal inactivation of Salmonella spp. in fresh and aged
chicken litter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 78: 1302-1307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.06671-11
PMid:22179246 PMCid:PMC3273034 |
|
19. Thyagarajan, D., Barathi, M. and Sakthivadivu, R. (2013)
Scope of poultry waste utilization. IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci.,
6(5): 29-35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-0652935 |
|
20. Swain, B.K. and Sundaram, R.N.S. (2000) Effect of
different types of litter material for rearing broilers. Br.
Poult. Sci., 41: 261-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713654931
PMid:11081418 |
|
21. Davis, J.D., Purswell, J.L., Columbus, E.P. and Kiess,
A.S. (2010) Evaluation of chopped switchgrass as a litter
material. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9(1): 39-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.39.42 |
|
22. Beri, M.T. (2011) Choice of litter material can decrease
salmonella in poultry flocks. World Poult. J., 124: 71-77. |
|
23. Kalu, E. (2015) Poultry litter/manure management practices
in intensively managed poultry farms in portharcourt. IOSR J.
Agric. Vet. Sci., 8(3): 53-58. |
|
24. National Programme for Organic Production, (NPOP). (2005)
Ministry of Commerce. 6th ed. Department of Commerce, Ministry
of Commerce, New Delhi. |
|
25. Government of J&K, Directorate of Economics and
Statistics. (2008) DFO Forest Statistics. |
|
26. Asaniyan, E.K., Agbede, J.O. and Laseinde, E.A.O. (2007)
Impact assessment of different litter depths on the
performance of broiler chickens raised on sand and wood
shaving litters. World J. Zool., 2: 67-72. |
|
27. AOAC. (2000). Offical Methods of Analysis. Association of
Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC. |
|
28. Moum, S.G., Seltzer, W. and Goldhaft, T.M. (1969) Sampling
and measurement of ammonia concentration at animal facility.
Poult. Sci., 48: 347.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0480347
PMid:5355496 |
|
29. Navneet, K., Nagra, S.S., Daljeet, K. and Hanah, S.S.
(2011) Paddy straw as an alternate bedding material for
broiler chicks. J. World's Poult. Res., 2(3): 48-53. |
|
30. Mahmoud, M.S.H., Soliman, F.N.K., Bahie-EL-Deen, M. and EL
Sebai, A.A. (2014) Effect of different types of litter on
broiler performance. Res. J. Poult. Sci., 7(1): 1-6. |
|
31. Farhadi, D. (2014) Evaluation of the physical and chemical
properties of some agricultural wastes as poultry litter
material. Glob. J. Anim. Sci. Res., 2(3): 270-276. |
|
32. Burke, G.B., Pescatore, A.J., Cantor, A.H., Straw, M.L.
and Johnson, T.H. (1993) Newspaper as litter material and its
effect on the performance of broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res.,
2: 154-158.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/2.2.154 |
|
33. Willis, W.L., Murray, C. and Talbot, C. (1997) Evaluation
of leaves as a litter material. Poult. Sci., 76: 1138-1140.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.8.1138
PMid:9251143 |
|
34. Atapattu, N.S.B. and Wickramasinghe, K.P. (2007) The use
of refused tea as liter material for broiler chicken. Poult.
Sci., 86: 968-972.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.5.968
PMid:17435034 |
|
35. Grimes, J. (2004) Alternative litter material for growing
poultry. North Carolina Poultry Industry Newsletter. p1-4. |
|
36. Estevez, I. (2002) Ammonia and poultry welfare. Poult.
Perspect., 4(1): 1-3. |
|
37. Waldenstedt, L., Elwinger, K., Lunden, A., Thebo, P. and
Uggla, A. (2001) Sporulation of Eimeria maxima oocysts in
litter with different moisture contents. Poult. Sci., 80:
1412-1415.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.10.1412
PMid:11599698 |
|
38. Biswas, S.K., Wahid, M.A., Karim, M.J., Parmanik, M.A.H.
and Rokonuzzaman, M. (2001) Evaluation of different materials
for broiler performance, coccidial oocyst population and level
of N, P and K during winter. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 4(12):
1565-1567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.1565.1567 |
|