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Research Article | 11 Jul 2026

Metabolomic profiling and dual antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. leaves against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Candida albicans: An in vitro study

Marni Br Karo1, Farida Mentalina Simanjuntak1, Tetty Rina Aritonang1, Desweri Muhareni1, Dea Dea2, and Yola Maharani3 Show more
VETERINARY WORLD | Article No. 16 | pg no. 2931-2950 | Vol. 19, Issue 7 | DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2026.2931-2950
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ABSTRACT

                      
Background and Aim: The increasing antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Candida albicans has created an urgent need for alternative therapeutic agents with multiple biological activities. Although Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. (Miana) has long been used in traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases; however, comprehensive metabolomic characterization, together with standardized evaluation of its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities against these clinically important pathogens, remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the secondary metabolite profile of ethanol extracts of Miana leaves using untargeted liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) and to evaluate their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
Materials and Methods: Leaves were extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol. Untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed using LC–HRMS with an Orbitrap Q Exactive Plus system. Antimicrobial activity against N. gonorrhoeae and C. albicans was evaluated using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute-guided broth microdilution assays to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration/minimum fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC). Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays by calculating the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀).
Results: LC–HRMS detected 243 metabolites, including 20 major bioactive compounds belonging predominantly to flavonoids, diterpenoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, fatty acids, and alkaloids. Major constituents included apigenin, kaempferol, caffeic acid, lupeol, triptolide, carnosol, kahweol, nootkatone, and betaine. The extract demonstrated fungicidal activity against C. albicans, with MIC and MFC values of 62,500 ppm, and bactericidal activity against N. gonorrhoeae, with MIC and MBC values of 100,000 ppm (MFC/MIC and MBC/MIC ratios = 1.0). Antioxidant evaluation revealed a very strong DPPH scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 43.68 ppm) and moderate ABTS scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 128.7 ppm), both exhibiting concentration-dependent inhibition.
Conclusion: Ethanol extracts of Miana leaves contain diverse bioactive metabolites that confer dual antimicrobial activity against N. gonorrhoeae and C. albicans tog ether with potent antioxidant activity. These findings provide a comprehensive phytochemical foundation that supports the therapeutic potential of Miana and justifies further bioassay-guided fractionation, toxicity assessment, mechanistic investigations, and in vivo validation to facilitate the development of standardized phytopharmaceutical agents for the management of genital infections.
                      
Keywords: antioxidant activity, Candida albicans, Coleus scutellarioides, genital infections, LC–HRMS, metabolomics, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, phytochemicals.