| 
              
              
              Open Access  
Copyright: The authors. This article is an open access 
article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) which permits unrestricted use, 
distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly 
cited. 
 
              
              
              Research 
(Published 
online: 20-04-2014) 
              13. Assessment of parasitic contamination 
              of raw vegetables in Mannuthy, Kerala state, India - B. 
              Sunil, Divya Rani Thomas, C. Latha and H. ShameemVeterinary World, 7(4): 253-256
 
  
              
   
                
                
doi: 
              10.14202/vetworld.2014.253-256 
                
              
              B. Sunil:
              Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and 
              Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 
              Mannuthy, Thrissur-680 651, Kerala, India
 
              Divya Rani Thomas: Department of Veterinary Public Health, 
              College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and 
              Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur-680 651, Kerala, 
              India 
              C. Latha: Department of Veterinary Public Health, College 
              of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal 
              Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur-680 651, Kerala, India 
              H. Shameem: Department of Veterinary Public Health, College 
              of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal 
              Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur-680 651, Kerala, India
 Received: 31-12-2013, Revised: 17-03-2014, Accepted: 25-03-2014, 
              Published online: 20-04-2014
 
              
              Corresponding author: Divya 
              Rani Thomas, email: divyaranithomas@gmail.com
 
 
              Abstract 
 
              Aim: To assess the parasitic 
              contamination of raw vegetables retailed at Mannuthy in Thrissur 
              district of Kerala state, India.Materials and Methods: A total of 112 samples, viz. cabbage 
              (17), mint (11), coriander leaves (11), spinach (15), onion (10), 
              carrot (10), potato (10), ginger (15), beet root (7) and tomato 
              (6) were collected from retail market at Mannuthy, Kerala. 
              Collected samples were washed with physiological saline solution. 
              The washings were collected and examined under light microscopy.
 Results: Helminthic eggs were detected in three (2.7%) of 
              112 samples. Two samples of cabbage (1.8%) and one sample of onion 
              (0.9%) was positive for ova of Ascaris spp.
 Conclusion: Vegetables can act as potential source of 
              gastrointestinal parasitic infections. The study emphasizes the 
              need for proper washing of vegetables before they are consumed or 
              cooked.
 Keywords: helminthic eggs, parasitic contamination, public 
              health, raw vegetables.
 
 
              References 
 
                
                  | 1. Hanif, R., Iqbal, Z., Iqbal, M., Hanif, M. S. and Rasheed, 
                  M. (2006) Use of vegetables as nutritional food: role in human 
                  health. J. Agric. Bio. Sci., 1(1): 18-22. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 2. WHO. (2003) Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic 
                  diseases. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation. 
                  Geneva, World Health Organization, WHO Technical Report 
                  Series, No. 916. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 3. Izadi, S.H., Abedi, S., Ahmadian, S. and Mahmoodi, M. 
                  (2006) Study of the current parasitic contamination of the 
                  edible vegetables in Isfahan in order to identify preventive 
                  measures. Sci. J. Kurdistan Univ. Med. Sci., 11(2): 51-58. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 4. Nazemi, S., Raei, M., Amiri, M. and Chaman, R. (2012) 
                  Parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in shahroud, semnan. 
                  Zahedan. J. Res. Med. Sci. 14(8): 84-86. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 5. Pires, S. M., Vieira, A. R., Perez, E., Fo, L., Wong, D. 
                  and Hald, T. (2012) Attributing human foodborne illness to 
                  food sources and water in Latin America and the Caribbean 
                  using data from outbreak investigations. Int. J. Food. 
                  Microbiol. 152(3): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.018
 PMid:21570732
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 6. Said, D. (2012) Detection of parasites in commonly consumed 
                  raw vegetables. Alexandria J. Med., 48(4) 345–352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2012.05.005
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 7. Erdogrul, O. R. and Sener, H. (2005) The contamination of 
                  various fruit and vegetable with Enterobius vermicularis, 
                  Ascaris eggs, Entamoeba histolytica cysts and Giardia lamblia 
                  cysts. Food Control, 16(6): 557–560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.06.016
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 8. Beiromvand, M., Akhlaghi, L., Massom, S.H., Meamar, A.R., 
                  Motevalian, A., Oormazdi, H. and Razmjou, E. (2013) Prevalence 
                  of zoonotic intestinal parasites in domestic and stray dogs in 
                  a rural area of Iran. Prev. Vet. Med., 109(1-2): 162-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.09.009
 PMid:23044475
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 9. Omowaye, O. S. and Falola, O.O. (2012) Prevalence of 
                  helminthic and protozoal cyst and ova on vegetables and fruits 
                  sold in middle-belt Nigeria. Cibtech J. Bio-Protocols, 1(1): 
                  37-43. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 10. Ashtiani, M.T., Monajemzadeh, M., Saghi, B., Shams, S., 
                  Mortazavi, S.H. and Khaki, S. (2011) Prevalence of intestinal 
                  parasites among children referred to children's medical center 
                  during 18 years (1991-2008), Tehran, Iran. Ann. Trop. Med. 
                  Parasitol., 105(7): 507-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1364859411Y.0000000040
 PMid:22185945
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 11. Shuval, H. I., Yekutiel, P. and Fattal, B. (1985) 
                  Epidemiological evidence for helminth and cholera transmission 
                  by vegetables irrigated with wastewater: Jerusalem - A case 
                  study. Water Sci. Tech., l 7(2): 433 - 442. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 12. Gaspard, P., Wiart, J. and Schwartzbrod, J. (1997) 
                  Parasitological contamination of urban sludge used for 
                  agricultural purposes. Waste Manage. Res., 15(2): 429–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X9701500409
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 13. James, I. M. and Ogochukwu, O. (2006) Food-borne disease 
                  outbreaks. J. Environ. Hlth. 3: 2-3. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 14. Clewes, C.A.N. and Shaw, C. (2000) Parasites. Br. Med. 
                  Bull., 56(1): 193-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0007142001902897
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 15. Beuchat, L.R. (2002) Ecological factors influencing 
                  survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and 
                  vegetables. Microbes Infect., 4(4): 413–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01555-1
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 16. Gupta, S., Satpati, S., Nayek, S. and Garai, D. (2010) 
                  Effect of wastewater irrigation on vegetables in relation to 
                  bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes. 
                  Environ. Monit. Assess., 165(1-4): 169–177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0936-3
 PMid:19430920
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 17. Gupta, N., Khan, D.K. and Santra, S.C. (2009) Prevalence 
                  of intestinal helminth eggs on vegetables grown in 
                  wastewater–irrigated areas of Titagarh, West Bengal, India. 
                  Food Control, 20(10): 942–945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.02.003
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 18. Hajjami, K., Ennaji, M.M., Fouad, S., Oubrim, N. and 
                  Cohen, N. (2013) Wastewater reuse for irrigation in Morocco: 
                  Helminth eggs contamination level of irrigated crops and 
                  sanitary risk (a case study of Settat and Soualem regions). J. 
                  Bacteriol. Parasitol. 4(1):1-5. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 19. Adamu, N. B., Adamu, J. B. and Mohammed, D. (2012) 
                  Prevalence of helminth parasites found on vegetables sold in 
                  Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. Food Control. 25(1): 23- 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.016
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 20. Kozan, E., Gonenc, B., Sarimehmetoglu, O. and Aycicek, H. 
                  (2005) Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for 
                  salads. Food Control, 16(3): 239-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.02.005
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 21. Garedaghi, Y., Farhang, H. and Pooryagoobi, S. (2011). 
                  Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables consumed in Tabriz, 
                  Iran. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 6(10): 518-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjbsci.2011.518.522
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 22. Olyaei, A. and Hajivand, L. (2013) Parasitological 
                  contamination of markets and farms in vegetables consumed in 
                  southern Iran. Global Veterinaria, 10(3): 327-331. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 23. Saki, J., Asadpoori, R. and Khademvatan, S. (2013) 
                  Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables consumed in 
                  Ahvaz, South West of Iran. J. Med. Sci. 13(3): 488-492. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 24. Abougrain, A. K., Nahasi, M. H., Madi, N. S., Saied, M. 
                  M., and Ghenghesh, K. S. (2010) Parasitological contamination 
                  in salad vegetables in Tripoli-Libya. Food Control., 21(5): 
                  760-762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.11.005
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 25. Watson, D. C., Satchwell, M. and Jones, C. E. (1983) A 
                  study of the prevalence of parasitic helminth eggs and cysts 
                  in sewage sludges disposed to agricultural land. Study of eggs 
                  and cysts in sewage. Water Pollut. Control. 82(3): 285-289. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 26. Blumenthal, U. J., Strauss, M., Mara, D. D. and Cairncross, 
                  S. (1989) Generalized model of the effect of different control 
                  measures in reducing health risks from wastewater reuse. Water 
                  Sci. Tech., 78(9): 1104-1116. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 27. Larkin, E. P., Tieney, J. T., Lovett, J., Van Donsel, D., 
                  Francis, D. and Jackson, G. J. (1978) Land application of 
                  sewage waste: potential for contamination of foodstuffs and 
                  agricultural soils by viruses, bacterial pathogens and 
                  parasites. In H. L. Mc Kim (Ed.), State of knowledge in land 
                  treatment of wastewater, Vol. 2 (pp. 215-223). Hanover, NH: US 
                  army Corps of Engineers, CRREL. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 28. Mara, D., and Cairncross, C. S. (1989) Guidelines for the 
                  safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and 
                  aquaculture, measures for public health protection. Water and 
                  Sanitation Health (WSH), WHO. pp. 21-187. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 29. Mba, O. O. (2000) Detection and enumeration of parasite 
                  eggs in irrigated vegetables and salad crops in Plateau State, 
                  Nigeria. J. Med. Lab. Sci., 9(2): 30-36. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 30. Ebrahimzadeh, A. Jamshidi, A. and Mohammadi, S. (2013) The 
                  parasitic contamination of raw vegetables consumed in Zahedan, 
                  Iran. Hlth. Scope., 1(1): 205-209. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 31. Mahvi, A. H. and Kia, E.B. (2006) Helminth eggs in raw and 
                  treated wastewater in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East 
                  Mediterr. Hlth. J., 12 (˝): 137–143. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 32. Kim, M. K., Pyo, K. H., Hwang, Y. S., Park, K. H., Hwang, 
                  I. G., Chai, J. Y. and Shin, E. H. (2012) Effect of 
                  temperature on embryonation of Ascaris suum eggs in an 
                  environmental chamber. Korean J. Parasitol., 50(3): 239–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.239
 PMid:22949753 PMCid:PMC3428571
 |  
                  |  |  
                  | 33. Fripp, P.J. (2004) An introduction to human parasitology 
                  with reference to southern Africa. Edition 4. Tropical 
                  Diseases Research Unit, South African Institute for Medical 
                  Research, Johannesburg, South Africa. p196. |  
                  |  |  
                  | 34. Strauss, M., Heinss, U., Montangero, A. (2000). On-site 
                  sanitation: when the pits are full – planning for resource 
                  protection in faecal sludge management. In: Proceedings, 
                  International Conference on Resolving Conflicts between 
                  drinking Water Demand and Pressures from Society's Wastes 
                  (Chorus et al., editors). Bad Elster, Germany, 24-28 November. 
                  p105. |  |