Open Access
Copyright: The authors. This article is an open access
article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) which permits unrestricted use,
distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly
cited.
Research
(Published
online: 25-08-2014)
13.
Retrospective study of dog bite
cases at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria and its
environment - Ajoke Modupeoluwa Ehimiyein, Felix Nanfa,
Ikhide Oluwatoni Ehimiyein and Balarabe Magaji Jahun
Veterinary World, 7(8): 617-621
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2014.617-621
Ajoke Modupeoluwa Ehimiyein:
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
Nigeria; ajokeeo@gmail.com
Felix Nanfa: Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; felixnanfa@yahoo.com
Ikhide Oluwatoni Ehimiyein: Gimaf
Veterinary Consult, Kaduna, Nigeria; ehimiyeinikhide121@gmail.com
Balarabe Magaji Jahun: Veterinary
Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;
bmjahun@yahoo.com
Received: 06-04-2014, Revised: 08-07-2014,
Accepted: 14-07-2014, Published online: 25-08-2014
Corresponding author: Ajoke
Modupeoluwa Ehimiyein, email: ajokeeo@gmail.com,
Abstract
Aim:
A 10-year retrospective study was undertaken to determine the
prevalence of dog bites reported to the Veterinary Teaching
Hospital (VTH), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, and to
implement measures to control rabies exposure in the environment.
Materials and Methods: Data on dog bite cases, reported to the
VTH of ABU, Zaria, Nigeria between January, 2002 and December,
2011, were retrieved and analyzed using Statistical Package for
Social Sciences version 17.0, Chicago, IL, USA.
Result: A total of 236 dog bite-related cases was presented,
of which 1.7% dogs died of rabies. The number of cases (59.7%)
increased through time with the highest number (32) recorded in
2011. Majority of the cases were recorded between June and October
of each year. Of the biting dogs, 22.5% were puppies (1-6 months)
and 77.5% were adults (above 6 months). The human victims were
92.4%, while the dog victims were 7.6%. Eight of the dogs were
stray dogs, while 228 (96.6%) were owned dogs. Of the owned dogs,
71.2% were free-roaming. Only 22% of the owned dogs were
vaccinated. The most common offending breeds included the Nigerian
Indigenous local breeds (73.3%), cross breeds (24.6%), Alsatians
(0.8%), Terriers (0.8%), and Bulldogs (0.4%).
Conclusion: In conclusion, rabies is endemic in Zaria,
Nigeria, and the incidence of dog bites is on the rise. Strict
measures including vaccination of the dogs and the leash law
should be adopted to prevent dog bites.
Keywords: dog bites, prevalence, retrospective study.
References
1. Ly, S., Buchy, P., Heng, N.Y., Ong, S., Chhor, N., Bourhy,
H. and Vong, S. (2009) Rabies situation in Cambodia. PLoS Negl.
Trop. Dis., 3(9): e511.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000511
PMid:19907631 PMCid:PMC2731168 |
|
|
2. Takayama, N. (2008) Rabies: A preventable but incurable
disease. J. Infect. Chemother., 14(1): 8-14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10156-007-0573-0
PMid:18297443 |
|
|
3. Burgos-Caceres, S. (2011) Canine rabies: A looming threat
to public health. Animals, 1: 326-342.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani1040326 |
|
|
|
4. Jackson, A.C. (2011) Updates of rabies. Res. Rep. Trop.
Med., 2011(2): 31-43. |
|
|
5. Coleman, P.G., Fevre, E.M. and Cleaveland, S. (2004)
Estimating the public health impact of rabies. Emerg. Infect.
Dis., 10(1): 140-142.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1001.020774
PMid:15078611 PMCid:PMC3322764 |
|
|
|
6. Kitala, P.M., McDermott, J.J., Kyule, M.N. and Gathuma, J.M.
(1999) Community-based active surveillance for rabies in
Machokos District, Kenya. Prev. Vet. Med., 44(2000): 23-85. |
|
|
7. Yousaf, Z.M., Qasim, M., Zia, S., Khan, M.R., Ashfaq, U.A.
and Khan, S. (2012) Rabies molecular virology, diagnosis,
prevention and treatment. Virol. J., 9: 50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-50
PMid:22348291 PMCid:PMC3307483 |
|
|
8. Willoughby, Jr., R.E., Tieves, K.S., Hoffman, G.M.,
Ghanayem, N.S., Amlie-Lefond, C.M., Schwabe, M.J., Chusid, M.J.
and Rupprecht, C.E. (2007) Survival after treatment of rabies
with induction of coma. New. Engl. J. Med., 352(24): 2508-14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050382
PMid:15958806 |
|
|
9. Blanton, J.D. and Rupprecht, C.E. (2008) Travel vaccination
for rabies. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 7(5): 613-620.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.7.5.613
PMid:18564016 |
|
|
|
10. Fitzpatrick, M.C., Hampson, K., Cleaveland, S., Meyers,
L.A., Townsend, J.P. and Galvani, A.P. (2012) Potential for
rabies control through dog vaccination in wildlife-abundant
communities of Tanzania. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6(8): e1796. |
|
|
11. WHO. (2005) WHO expert consultation on rabies. World
Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser., 931: 1-88.
PMid:16485446 |
|
|
|
12. Qasim, A.M., Obadua, A.A., Okewole, P.A., Tekki, I.S. and
Omoleye, O.S. (2013) Rabies in a vaccinated 9-month-old German
Sheperd Dog, Akure, 2010: A case report. Case Rep Vet Med,
2013: 3. |
|
|
|
13. Nawathe, D.R. (1980) Rabies control in Nigeria. Bull. Off.
Int. Epizoot, 92: 129-139. |
|
|
|
14. Awoyomi, O., Adeyemi, I.G. and Awoyomi, F.S. (2007)
Socioeconomic factors associated with Non-vaccination of dogs
against rabies in Ibadan, Nigeria. Niger Vet. J., 28(3):
59-63. |
|
|
|
15. Kiliç, N. and Sarierler, M. (2003) Dog bite wounds: A
retrospective study (1102 cases). Yyü. Vet. Fak. Derg.,
102(2): 86-88. |
|
|
16. Gershman, K.A., Sacks J.J. and Wright J.C. (1994) Which
dog bites? A case-control study of risk factors. Pediatrics,
93: 913-917.
PMid:8190576 |
|
|
17. Mazigo, H.D., Okumu, F.O., Kweka, E.J. and Mnyone L.L.
(2010) Retrospective analysis of suspected rabies cases
reported at Bugando Referral Hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania. J.
Glob. Infect. Dis., 2(3): 216-220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.68530
PMid:20927280 PMCid:PMC2946675 |
|
|
18. Tang, X., Luo, M., Zhang, S., Fooks, A.R., Hu, R. and Tu,
C. (2005) Pivotal role of dogs in rabies transmission. Emerg.
Infect. Dis., 11(12): 1970-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1112.050271
PMid:16485494 PMCid:PMC3367627 |
|
|
19. Ezeokoli, C.D. and Umoh, J.U. (1987) Epidemiology of
rabies in northern Nigeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.,
81(2): 268-272.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(87)90237-9 |
|
|
20. Overall, K.L. and Love, M. (2001) Dog bites to humans -
Demography epidemiology, injury and risk. J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc., 218(12): 1923-1934.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.218.1923
PMid:11417736 |
|
|
|
21. Mendez, G.R., Gomez, T.M., Somoza, A.I., Liras, M.J., Pais,
P.E. and Vela, N.D (2002) Dog bite related injuries treated in
a pediatric surgery department: Analysis of 654 cases in 10
years. An. Esp. Pediatr., 56: 425-429. |
|
|
|
22. Bata, S.I., Dzikwi, A.A. and Ayika, D.G. (2011)
Retrospective study of dog bite cases reported to ECW
aveterinary clinic, Bukuru, Plateau state, Nigeria. Sci. World
J., 6: 17-19. |
|
|
|
23. Adedeji, A.O., Okonko, O.I., Eyarefe, O.D., Adedeji, O.B.,
Babalola, E.T.,Ojezele, M.O., Nwanze, J.C. and Amusan, T.A.
(2010) An overview of rabies - History, epidemiology, control
and possible elimination. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 4(22):
2327-2338. |
|
|
|
24. Rosado, B., Garcia-Belenguer, S., Leon, M. and Palacio, J.
(2008) A comprehensive study of dog bites in Spain, 1995-2004.
Vet. J., 179(2009): 383-391. |
|
|
25. Ehimiyein, A.M., Niezgoda, M., Orciari, L., Kuzmin, I.,
Osinubi, M.O.V., Ehimiyein, I.O, Adawa, D.A.Y., Abdullahi, S.U.,
Ogunkoya, A.B. and Rupprecht, C.E. (2010) Rabies cases in dog
markets in Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria. Int. J. Infect.
Dis., 14: e476.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.675 |
|
|
26. Hampson, K., Dushoff, J., Bingham, J., Bruckner, G., Ali,
Y.H. and Dobson, A. (2007) Synchronous cycles of domestic dogs
rabies in Sub-Saharan Africa and the impact of control
efforts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104(18): 7717-7722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609122104
PMid:17452645 PMCid:PMC1863501 |
|
