Open Access
Copyright: The authors. This article is an open access
article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) which permits unrestricted use,
distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly
cited.
R esearch
(Published online:
09-10-2015)
4.
Hemato-biochemical and
pathological changes on avian influenza in naturally infected
domestic ducks in Egypt - Essam A.
Mahmoud
Veterinary World, 8(10): 1177-1182
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2015.1177-1182
Essam A. Mahmoud: Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia
Province, Egypt;
essammahmoud97@yahoo.com
Received: 22-05-2015, Revised: 29-08-2015, Accepted: 07-09-2015,
Published online: 09-10-2015
Corresponding author:
Essam A. Mahmoud, e-mail: essammahmoud97@yahoo.com
Citation:
Mahmoud EA (2015)
Hemato-biochemical and pathological changes on avian influenza in
naturally infected domestic ducks in Egypt, Veterinary World 8(10):
1177-1182.
Abstract
Aim:
Few studies have been made in regard to
avian influenza (AI) in
ducks, thus the aim of this work was planned to investigate the
hematological, biochemical, and pathological changes in domestic
Egyptian ducks naturally infected with AI.
Materials and Methods: 30 duck from private backyards
3-month-old 15 were clinically healthy (Group 1) and the other
fifteen (Group 2) were naturally diseased with AI (H5N1). The
disease was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction as H5N1.
Results: Duck showed cyanosis, subcutaneous edema of head and
neck with nervous signs (torticollis). Hematological studies
revealed a microcytic hypochromic anemia. Biochemical studies
revealed a significant decrease in total protein, albumin and
globulin concentration with significant increase of activities of
aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline
phosphatase, Υ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactic acid dehydrogenase
and creatine phsphokinase. Prominent increase in creatinine and
uric acid in addition to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia were
significantly detected in the infected ducks. Histopathological
finding confirm these investigations.
Conclusion: The highly pathogenic AIV (A/H5N1) became more
severe infectious to ducks than before and causes nervous
manifestations and blindness which were uncommon in ducks. Besides
the significant increases of hepatic enzymes, brain, heart, and
renal markers as a response to virus damage to these organs.
Keywords: aminotranseferases, anemia, avian
influenza, creatinine, ducks, uric acid.
References
1. Husain, M. (2014) Avian influenza A (H7N9): Virus infection
in humans: Epidemiology, evolution, and pathogenesis. Infect.
Genet. Evol., 28: 304-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.016
PMid:25446940 |
|
|
2. Abdelwhab, E.M. and Hafez, H.M. (2011) An overview of the
epidemic of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in
Egypt: Epidemiology and control challenges. Epidemiol.
Infect., 139: 647-657.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810003122 |
|
|
3. Pantin-Jackwood, M.J., Costa-Hurtado, M., Miller, P.J.,
Afonso, C.L., Spackman, E. R. and Kapczynski, D. (2015)
Experimental co-infections of domestic ducks with a virulent
Newcastle disease virus and low or highly pathogenic avian
influenza viruses. Vet. Microbiol., 177: 1016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.008
PMid:25759292 |
|
|
4. Pantin-Jackwood, M.J., Suarez, D.L., Spackman, E. and
Swayne, D.E. (2007) Age at infection affects the pathogenicity
of Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses in
ducks. Virus Res., 130: 151-61.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.006
PMid:17658647 |
|
|
5. Capua, I. and Mutinelli, F. (2001) Mortality in muscovy
ducks (Cairina moschata) and domestic geese (Anser anser var.
domestica) associated with natural infection with a highly
pathogenic avian influenza virus of H7N1 subtype. Avian
Pathol., 30: 179-183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450120044597
PMid:19184894 |
|
|
6. Löndt, B.Z., Nú-ez, A., Banks, J., Alexander, D.J.,
Russell, C. and Richard-Löndt, A.C. (2010) The effect of age
on the pathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza
(HPAI) H5N1 virus in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected
experimentally. Influenza Respir. Viruses, 4: 17-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00116.x
PMid:20021503 |
|
|
7. Phuong, D.Q., Dung, N.T., Jørgensen, P.H., Handberg, K.J.,
Vinh, N.T. and Christensen, J.P. (2011) Susceptibility of
muscovy (Cairina moschata) and mallard ducks (Anas
platyrhynchos) to experimental infections by different
genotypes of H5N1 avian influenza viruses. Vet. Microbiol.,
148: 168-174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.09.007
PMid:20943331 |
|
|
8. Bröjer, C., Järhult, J.D., Muradrasoli, S., Söderstrom, H.,
Olsen, B. and Gavier-Widén, D. (2013) Pathobiology and virus
shedding of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (A/H1N1)
infection in mallards exposed to oseltamivir. J. Wildlife
Dis., 49: 103-113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2011-11-335
PMid:23307376 |
|
|
9. de Vries, E., Guo, H., Dai, M., Rottier, P.J.M., van
Kuppeveld, F.J.M. and de Haan, C.A.M. (2015) Rapid emergence
of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtypes from a subtype
H5N1 hemagglutinin variant. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 21: 842-846.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2105.141927
PMid:25897518 PMCid:PMC4412238 |
|
|
10. Brown, I.H. (2010) Summary of avian influenza activity in
Europe, Asia, and Africa, 2006-2009. Avian Dis., 54: 187-193.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/8949-053109-Reg.1
PMid:20521631 |
|
|
11. Vandegrift, K.J., Sokolow, S.H., Daszak, P. and
Kilpatrick, A.M. (2010) Ecology of avian influenza viruses in
a changing world. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. US., 1195: 113-128.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05451.x
PMid:20536820 PMCid:PMC2981064 |
|
|
12. Sonnberg, S., Webby, R.J. and Webster, R.G. (2013) Natural
history of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Virus.
Res., 178: 63-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.009
PMid:23735535 PMCid:PMC3787969 |
|
|
13. Soda, K., Ito, H., Usui, T., Nagai, Y., Ozaki, H. and
Yamaguchi, T. (2013) Incursion and spread of H5N1 highly
pathogenic avian influenza viruses among wild birds in 2010–11
winter in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 75: 605-612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.12-0512
PMid:23292107 |
|
|
14. Nemeth, N.M., Brown, J.D., Stallknecht, D.E., Howerth,
E.W., Newman, S.H. and Swayne, D.E. (2013) Experimental
infection of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) and ruddy
shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea) With a Clade 2.3.2 H5N1 highly
pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vet. Pathol., 50(6):
961-970.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985813490758
PMid:23735616 |
|
|
15. Natt, M. and Herrick, C. (1953) A new blood diluent for
counting the erythrocytes and leukocytes of the chickens.
Poult. Sci., 31: 735-738.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0310735 |
|
|
|
16. Feldman, B., Zinki, J. and Jain, V.S. (2000) Veterinary
Hematology. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Canada. |
|
|
17. Zijlstra, N. (1960) Estimation of hemoglobin. Clin. Chem.
Acta., 5: 719.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(60)90014-0 |
|
|
|
18. Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957) A colorimetric method
for determination of serum glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase
and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.,
25: 56. |
|
|
19. Persijn, J.P. and van der Slik, W. (1976) A new method for
the determination of γ-glutamyltransferase in serum. J. Clin.
Chem. Clin. Biochem., 14: 421-427.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm.1976.14.1-12.421 |
|
|
20. Lum, G. and Gambino, R.S. (1974) A comparison of serum
versus heparinized plasma for routine chemistry tests. Am. J.
Clin. Pathol., 61: 108-113.
PMid:4809144 |
|
|
|
21. Henry, T.J. (1974) Determination of serum creatinine.
Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Techniques. 2nd ed. Harper
and Row Publishers, New York. |
|
|
22. Sanders, G.T.B. and Pasman, A.J. (1980) Determination of
serum uric acid. Clin. Chem. Acta., 101: 299-303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(80)90257-0 |
|
|
|
23. Tietz, N.W. (1970) Determination of Serum Calcium. W.B.
Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London. |
|
|
24. Goodwin, J.F. (1970) Determination of serum phosphorus.
Clin. Chem., 16: 776-780.
PMid:4321811 |
|
|
25. Laurell, C. (1966) Quantitative estimation of proteins by
electrophoresis in agarose gel containing antibodies. Anal.
Biochem., 15: 45-52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(66)90246-6 |
|
|
|
26. Bancroft, J., Stevens, A. and Turner, D. (1996) Theory and
Practice of Histopathological Techniques. 4th ed. Churchill
Livingstone, New York. |
|
|
27. Njouom, R., Aubin, J.T., Bella, A.L., Demsa, B.M.,
Rouquet, P. and Gake, B. (2008) Highly pathogenic avian
influenza virus subtype H5N1 in ducks in the Northern part of
Cameroon. Vet. Microbiol., 130: 380-384.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.006
PMid:18387755 |
|
|
28. Tamhane, A. and Dunlop, D. (2000) Statistic and Data
Analysis from Elementary to Intermediate. Prentice Hall, Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
PMCid:PMC2957002 |
|
|
29. Enserink, M. (2006) Avian influenza. H5N1 moves into
Africa, European Union, deepening global crisis. Science, 311:
932.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.311.5763.932a
PMid:16484459 |
|
|
30. Rhyoo, M.Y., Lee, K.H., Moon, O.K., Park, W.H., Bae, Y.C.
and Jung, J.Y. (2015) Analysis of signs and pathology of
H5N1-infected ducks from the 2010-2011 Korean highly
pathogenic avian influenza outbreak suggests the influence of
age and management practices on severity of disease. Avian
Pathol., 44: 175-181.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2015.1021295
PMid:25703639 |
|
|
31. Hagag, I.T., Mansour, S.M., Zhang, Z., Ali, A.A., Ismaiel,
B.M. and Salama, A.A. (2015) Pathogenicity of highly
pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in naturally infected
poultry in Egypt. PLoS One. 10: e0120061.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120061 |
|
|
32. Reperant, L.A., Bildt, M.W.G., Amerongen, G., Buehler,
D.M., Osterhau, A.D. and Jenni-Eiermann, S. (2011) Highly
pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in a
long-distance migrant shorebird under migratory and
non-migratory States. PLoS One, 6: e27814.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027814 |
|
|
33. Kim, H.R., Kwon, Y.K., Jang, I., Lee, Y.J., Kang, H.M. and
Lee, E.K. (2015) Pathologic changes in wild birds infected
with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) Viruses, South
Korea, 2014. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 21: 775-780.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2105.141967
PMid:25897841 PMCid:PMC4412241 |
|
|
34. Kwon, Y.K., Thomas, C. and Swayne, D.E. (2010) Variability
in pathobiology of South Korean H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian
influenza virus infection for 5 species of migratory
waterfowl. Vet. Pathol., 47: 495-506.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985809359602
PMid:20382820 |
|
|
35. Matsuda, K., Park, C.H., Sunden, Y., Kimura, T., Ochiai,
K. and Kida, H. (2004) The vagus nerve is one route of
transneural invasion for intranasally inoculated influenza a
virus in mice. Vet. Pathol., 41: 101-107.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.41-2-101
PMid:15017022 |
|
|
36. Mori, I., Komatsu, T., Takeuchi, K., Nakakuki, K., Sudo,
M. and Kimura, Y. (1995) Viremia induced by influenza virus.
Microbiol. Pathol., 19: 237-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0882-4010(95)90290-2 |
|
|
|
37. Coles, E. (1986) Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 2nd ed.
W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London. |
|
|
|
38. Benjamin, M. (1998) Hematology. In Out line of Veterinary
Clinical Pathology. 3rd ed. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. |
|
|
|
39. Swayne, D.E. and Pantin-Jackwood, M. (2006) Pathogenicity
of avian influenza viruses in poultry. Dev. Biol., (Basel).,
124: 61-67. |
|
|
40. Acland, H.M., Silverman Bachin, L.A. and Eckroade, R.J.
(1984) Lesions in broiler and layer chickens in an outbreak of
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. Vet.
Pathol., 21: 564-569.
PMid:6516176 |
|
|
41. Lin, F., Gao, C., Chen, S., Zhu, X., Cheng, X. and Wang,
S. (2011) Immunosuppression effect of co-infection with MDRV
and H9 AIV on thymus in muscovy ducks. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao,
51: 1407-1412.
PMid:22233063 |
|
|
|
42. Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W. and Bruss, M.L. (1997) Clinical
Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 5th ed. Academic Press,
California, USA. |
|
|
43. Goldberg, D.M. (1980) Structural, functional, and clinical
aspects of gamma-glutamyltransferase. CRC Crit Rev. Clin. Lab.
Sci., 12: 1-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408368009108725
PMid:6104563 |
|
|
44. Wallimann, T. and Hemmer, W. (1994) Creatine kinase in
non-muscle tissues and cells. Mol. Cell Biochem., 133-134:
193-220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01267955 |
|
|
|
45. Galvin, C.E. (1980) Colorimetric test for determination of
uric acid. Clin. Chem., 26: 227. |
|
|
|
46. Nasr El-Deen, N. (2007) Clinicopathological studies on
naturally infected chickens with avian influenza. Zagrebu Vet.
J., 35: 203-210. |
|
