Effective utilization of available feed resources is the key for economical livestock rearing. Complete feed system is one of the latest developments to exploit the potential of animal feed resources in the best possible way. The complete feed is a quantitative mixture of all dietary ingredients, blended thoroughly to prevent separation and selection, fed as a sole source of nutrients except water and is formulated in a desired proportion to meet the specific nutrient requirements. The concentrate and roughage levels may vary according to the nutrient requirement of ruminants for different production purposes. The complete feed with the use of fibrous crop residue is a noble way to increase the voluntary feed intake and thus animal's production performance. In this system of feeding, the ruminant animals have continuous free choice availability of uniform feed mixture, resulting in more uniform load on the rumen and less fluctuation in release of ammonia which supports more efficient utilization of ruminal non-protein nitrogen. Feeding complete diet stabilizes ruminal fermentation, thereby improves nutrient utilization. This feeding system allows expanded use of agro-industrial byproducts, crop residues and nonconventional feeds in ruminant ration for maximizing production and minimizing feeding cost, thus being increasingly appreciated. However, to extend the concept extensively to the field and make this technology successful and viable for farmers, more efforts are needed to be taken.

Keywords: benefits, complete feed, concept, feeding, ruminants.

1. Afzal, Y., Mattoo, F.A., Ganai, A.M. and Ahmad, H.A. (2009) Complete feed block technology - A boon to sheep farming. Livest. Int., 13(1): 4-7.

2. Konka, R.K., Kumar, D.S., Ramana, J.V., Ravi, A. and Rao, E.R. (2016) Fermentation pattern in Murrah buffalo bulls fed crop residue based complete rations vis-a-vis conventional feeding system. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 16(1): 171-179. [Crossref]

3. Lailer, P.C., Dahiya, S.S. and Chauhan, T.R. (2005) Complete feed for livestock concept, present status and future trend: A review. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 75(1): 84-91.

4. Owen, J.B. (1979) Complete Diets for Cattle and Sheep. Farming Press Limited, Suffolk, England.

5. Kesler, E.M., Chander, P.T. and Branding, A.E. (1967) Dry molasses product using waste paper as a base for a possible feed for cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 50: 1994-1995. [Crossref]

6. Marshal, S.P. (1972) Sugarcane bagasse pellets and cotton seed hulls as roughage sources in complete rations. J. Dairy Sci., 55: 398.

7. Kirubanath, K., Reddy, D.N. and Nagalakshmi, D. (2003) Effect of processing cotton straw based complete diet with expander-extruder on performance of crossbred calves. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci., 16(11): 1572-1576. [Crossref]

8. Nagalakshmi, D. and Reddy, D.N. (2011) On farm performance of lambs and buffaloes fed expander extruder processed cotton stalks based complete diets. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 28(3): 253-258.

9. Mudgal, V., Mehta, M.K. and Rane, A.S. (2012) Effect of feeding lentil (Lens culinaris) straw based rations on nutrient utilisation, rumen fermentation, growth and economics in Barbari kids. Indian J. Small Rumin., 18(1): 80-84.

10. Mudgal, V., Mehta, M.K. and Rane, A.K. (2014) Utilization of ammoniated lentil (Lens culinaris) straw in the ration of growing Barbari kids. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 31(4): 340-344.

11. Sharma, V., Purohit, G.R., Arya, R.S. and Harsh, M. (2006) Evaluation of some complete rations in sheep incorporating unconventional feed resources of arid zone of India. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 6: 135-141.

12. Waje, S.H., Singh, S.S. and Mudgal, V. (2010) Effect of using forest grass based complete rations on growth and nutrient utilization in growing crossbred calves. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 10: 229-234.

13. Anandan, S., Zoltan, H., Khan, A.A., Ravi, D. and Blummel, M. (2012) Feeding value of sweet sorghum bagasse and leaf residues after juice extraction for bio-ethanol production fed to sheep as complete rations in diverse physical forms. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 175: 131-136. [Crossref]

14. Seshaiah, C.V., Reddy, Y.R., Nagalakshmi, D. and Rao, S.J. (2012) Effect of feeding processed sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) based complete ration on the performance of buffalo calves. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 29(2): 127-131.

15. Babu, A.S., Rao, D.S., Reddy, Y.R. and Nagalakshmi, D. (2013) Effect of feeding various roughage based processed complete diets on intake and nutrient utilization in ram lambs. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 30(3): 252-255.

16. Malisetty, V., Reddy, Y.R., Nagalakshmi, D., Mallam, M., Cherala, H.K., Reddy, R.A. and Manthani, G.P. (2013) Effect of feeding maize silage supplemented with concentrate and legume hay on growth in Nellore ram lambs. Vet. World, 6(4): 209-213. [Crossref]

17. Seshaiah, C.V., Rao, S.J., Reddy, Y.R., Nagalakshmi, D., Mahender, M. and Harikrishna, C. (2013) Effect of feeding processed sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L) Moench) crushed residue based complete ration on growth performance and feeding behavior of Murrah buffalo calves. Vet. World, 6(3): 151-155. [Crossref]

18. Kumari, N.N., Reddy, Y.R., Blummel, M., Nagalakshmi, D., Monika, T., Reddy, B.V.S. and Kumar, A.A. (2014) Effect of feeding differently processed sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) bagasse based complete diet on nutrient utilization and microbial N supply in growing ram lambs. Small Rumin. Res., 117: 52-57. [Crossref]

19. Afzal, Y., Ganai, A.M., Mattoo, F.A., Shad, F.I. (2009) Comparative dietary evaluation of oats straw and tree leaf based complete feed in block and mash form in sheep. Indian J. Small Rumin., 15: 212-216.

20. Jakhmola, R.C., Pahuja, T., Singh, N. and Raghuvansi, S.K.S. (2012) Effect of including the leaves of Calligonum polygonides or Acacia tortilis as a component in grass based complete diet on gas production and rumen fermentation. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 29(1): 15-23.

21. Mishra, A.S., Tripathi, M.K., Vaithiyanathan, S. and Jakhmola, R.C. (2013) Nutritional evaluation of fallen tree leaves as source of roughage in complete feed blocks for sheep. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 13: 223-234.

22. Ganai, A.M. and Beigh, Y.A. (2015) Effect of replacement of concentrate mixture in complete ration with graded levels of leaf meal on growth performance and nutrient utilization in sheep. Vet. Pract., 16(2): 304-307.

23. Senani, S., Sharath, B.S., Elangovan, A.V., Samanta, A.K. and Kolte, A.P. (2013) Use of spent maize cobs as source of roughage in the ration of Bandur lambs. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 83(11): 1207-1209.

24. Tiwari, R.K., Prasad, J., Garg, A.K. and Kumar, S. (2013) Influence of feeding urea ammoniated sugarcane bagasse pith on growth performance and nutrient utilization in crossbred bulls. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 83(2): 176-180.

25. Nagi, P.R.S., Reddy, D.N., Nagalakshmi, D., Reddy, Y.R. and Raghunandan, T. (2012) Effect of particle size of paddy straw on physical characteristics and performance of lambs fed paddy straw based complete diets. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 12: 111-119.

26. Saijpaul, S., Chandrahas . and Saini, A.L. (2016) Effect of concentrate feed and crop residue based complete feed block on nutrient utilization, growth and physiological performance of Beetal kids under stall-fed conditions. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 16: 71-81. [Crossref]

27. Singh, M.K., Tripathi, M.K., Dixit, A.K. and Singh, S.K. (2016) Effect of straw type (Cajnus cajan or Cicer arietinum) and form of diet on growth, feed efficiency and slaughter performance of weaned Jamunapari goat kids. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 86(3): 329-334.

28. Narasimha, J., Preetham, V.C. and Rao, S.T.V. (2013) Effect of feeding complete feed containing poultry litter on rumen nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids in sheep and goats. J. Res. ANGRAU, 41(2): 74-77.

29. Kushwaha, R. and Rai, S.N. (2011) Effect of feeding Acacia nilotica pods on feed intake, nutrient utilization and balances of N, Ca and P in lactating goats. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 28(3): 309-315.

30. Kushwaha, R., Rai, S.N. and Singh, A.K. (2012) Effect of feeding Acacia nilotica pods on body weight, milk yield and milk composition in lactating goats. Indian J. Anim. Res., 46(4): 366-370.

31. Kushwaha, R., Rai, S.N. and Singh, A.K. (2012) Influence of feeding Acacia nilotica pods on intake, nutrient utilization and immune status in pregnant goats. Indian J. Anim. Res., 46(1): 8-14.

32. Owaimer, A.N., Kraidees, M.S., Al-Saiady, M., Zahran, S. and Abouheif, M.A. (2004) Effect of feeding olive cake in complete diet on performance and nutrient utilization of lambs. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci., 17(4): 491-496. [Crossref]

33. Madhavi, K., Reddy, T.J., Reddy, Y.R. and Reddy, G.V.N. (2010) Growth rate and carcass characteristics of Nellore ram lambs fed on differently processed and detoxified neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake incorporated complete diets. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 10: 209-214.

34. Raj, D.N., Ramana, J.V., Rao, S.B.N., Kumar, D.D., Suryanarayana, M.V.A., Reddy, Y.R. and Prasad, K.S. (2016) Effect of incorporation of detoxified Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) and neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cakes in total mixed rations on milk yield, composition and efficiency in crossbred dairy cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 86(4): 489-492.

35. Goswami, A., Thakur, S.S. and Amrutkar, S.A. (2012) Growth and nutrient utilization in calves fed guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal replacing groundnut cake in concentrate with and without added sweetener and flavour. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 29(1): 40-45.

36. Sharma, S.L., Singh, P., Patil, A.K., Verma, A.K., Chaturvedi, V.B. and Kumar, S. (2012) Performance of crossbred calves fed on compressed complete feed block containing guar meal. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 29(3): 231-234.

37. Chaturvedi, O.H., Kumar, S., Mishra, A.K., Arora, A.L. and Karim, S.A. (2009) Effect of complete feed or grazing and supplementation of lambs on performance, nutrient utilization and feed cost of production. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 79(9): 917-920.

38. Chaturvedi, O.H., Bhatt, R.S. and Sahoo, A. (2014) Nutrient utilisation in grazing ewes supplemented with complete feed blocks during scarcity in semi-arid region. Indian J. Small Rumin., 20(1): 114-117.

39. Raghuvansi, S.K.S., Prasad, R., Tripathi, M.K., Mishra, A.S., Chaturvedi, O.H., Mishra, A.K., Saraswat, B.L. and Jakhmola, R.C. (2007) Effect of complete feed blocks or grazing and supplementation of lambs on performance, nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation and rumen microbial enzymes. Animal, 1(2): 221-226. [Crossref] [PubMed]

40. Sallam, S.M.A. (2005) Nutritive value assessment of the alternative feed resources by gas production and rumen fermentation in vitro. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 1: 200-209.

41. Makkar, H.P.S. (2004) Recent advances in the in vitro gas method for evaluation of nutritional quality of feed resources. In: Assessing the Quality and Safety of Animal Feeds. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, ID 166954. FAO, Rome. p170. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5159e/y5159e00.htm. Retrieved on 17-03-2012.

42. Mir, I.A., Kumar, R., Sharma, R.K. and Barman, K. (2010) Effect of herbs on in vitro digestibility of feed with rumen liquor of goat. Indian J. Vet. Res., 19: 13-18.

43. Ganai, A.M., Sharma, T. and Dhuria, R.K. (2011) Effect of Bhringraj (Eclipta alba) herb on in vitro fermentation characteristics of Bajra straw and Bajra straw-based. Appl. Biol. Res., 13(1): 38-42.

44. Ganai, A.M., Sharma, T. and Dhuria, R.K. (2015) Effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on ruminal digestion of Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum) straw and Bajra straw-based complete feed in vitro. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 15: 145-153. [Crossref]

45. Nehra, R., Sharma, T., Dhuria, R.K., Dangi, S.S. and Meel, M.S. (2013) Effect of supplementation of various levels of dewbean straw and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in complete feed on in vitro fermentation of goat rumen liquor. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 30(2): 141-144.

46. Harikrishna, C., Mahender, M., Reddy, Y.R., Prakash, M.G., Sudhakar, K. and Pavani, M. (2012) Evaluation of in vitro gas production and nutrient digestibility of complete diets supplemented with different levels of thermotolerant yeast in Nellore rams. Vet. World, 5(8): 477-485. [Crossref]

47. Torres, N., Mendoza, G.D., Barcena, J.R., Gonzalez, S.S., Loera, O., Salem, A.Z.M. and Lara, A. (2013) Effect of a fibrolytic enzymatic extract from Cellulomonas flavigena on in vitro degradation and in vivo digestibility and productive performance of lambs. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 13: 583-592.

48. Thakur, S.S. and Shelke, S.K. (2011) Effect of different periods of storage and heating temperatures of total mixed rations containing fibrolytic enzymes on enzyme activity and in vitro digestibility. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 28(3): 293-298.

49. Grewal, R.S., Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. (2012) Effect of metabolizable energy and rumen undegradable protein levels supplemented with or without vitamins on the in vitro fermentation of complete feeds. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 29: 9-14.

50. Singh, A.P. and Srinivas, B. (2012) Associative effect of cereals and oil cakes in concentrate supplements and complete diet for ruminants on in vitro fermentation kinetics. Appl. Biol. Res., 14(2): 131-137.

51. Singh, T. (2014) Effect of Niacin Supplementation on Nitrogen Utilization from Different NPN Sources in Buffalo Calves. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India.

52. Grewal, R.S., Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. (2016) In vitro digestibility and fermentability of complete feeds as affected by vitamin supplementation. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 33(3): 301-304. [Crossref]

53. Ramachandra, B., Nagabhushana, V., Thirumalesh, T. and Suresh, B.N. (2012) Evaluation of pulse by-products based complete diets for rumen degradation kinetics and microbial biomass synthesis by in vitro gas production technique. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 29(2): 143-147.

54. Martz, F.A. and Belyea, R.L. (1986) Role of particle size and forage quality in digestion and passage by cattle and sheep. J. Dairy Sci., 69(7): 1996-2008. [Crossref]

55. Uden, P. (1988) The effect of grinding and pelleting hay on digestibility, fermentation rate, digesta passage and rumen and faecal particle size in cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 19(1-2): 145-157. [Crossref]

56. Reddy, G.V.N., Reddy, K.J. and Nagalakshmi, D. (2002) Effect of expander extruder processed complete diet containing sugarcane baggase on growth and nutrient utilization in Ongole bulls calves. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 72(5): 406-409.

57. Kishore, K.R., Ramana, J.V., Kumar, D.S., Ravi, A. and Rao, E.R. (2014) Effect of feeding crop residue-based complete rations on nutrient utilization in Nellore rams. Indian J. Small Rumin., 20(1): 37-40.

58. Sharma, D., Tiwari, D.P. and Mondal, B.C. (2010) Performance of crossbred female calves fed complete ration as mash or block vis-a-vis conventional ration. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 80(6): 556-560.

59. Datt, C., Reddy, G.V.N. and Kundu, S.S. (2011) Effect of feeding differently processed paddy straw based complete diets on feed intake and nutrient utilization in Nellore rams. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 28(2): 160-165.

60. Phipps, R.H., Bines, J.A., Ful Ford, R.J. and Weeler, R.F. (1984) Complete diets for dairy cows, a comparison between complete diet and separate ingredients. J. Agric. Sci., 103: 171-180. [Crossref]

61. Singh, P.K., Chandramoni, C., Kumar, K. and Kumar, S. (2016) Effect of feeding wheat and rice straw based complete feed blocks on nutrients utilization, blood biochemical and growth performance in crossbred calves. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 86(7): 771-776.

62. Reddy, P.B., Reddy, T.J. and Reddy, Y.R. (2012) Growth and nutrient utilization in kids fed expander-extruded complete feed pellets containing red gram (Cajanus cajan) straw. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci., 25(12): 1721-1725. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

63. Bhatia, T. (2004) Comparative Evaluation of Conventional and Complete Feed (Mash) Feeding System in Sheep. M.V.Sc. Thesis Submitted to Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner.

64. Kumar, D., Datt, C., Das, L.K. and Kundu, S.S. (2013) Effect of different dietary protein levels on feed intake and blood parameters profile in growing Sahiwal calves. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 30(4): 370-373.

65. Das, P.P., Roy, B. and Sardar, P. (2008) Evaluation of paddy straw based complete feeds through in vitro dry matter digestibility. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 8: 127-132.

66. Pandya, P.R., Desai, M.C., Patel, G.R., Talpada, P.M., Pande, M.B. and Parnerkar, S. (2009) Economical rearing of crossbred calves on complete feeds, based on sugarcane bagasse and non-conventional feeds. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 26(3): 211-215.

67. Tripathi, P., Dutta, T.K., Tripathi, M.K., Chaudhary, U.B. and Kumar, R. (2014) Preparation of complete feed pellet from monsoon herbages (Dactylotennium aegypticum, Cenchrus ciliaris and Tephrosia purpurea) and its utilisation in kids. Indian J. Small Rumin., 20(1): 31-36.

68. Ghosh, M.K. and Chatterjee, A. (2011) Nutrient digestibility and live weight change in yaks fed maize stover based complete feed block during winter. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 81(4): 427-428.

69. Khan, A.A., Sai, M., Rao, B., Ravi, D., Prasad, K.V.S., Anandan, S., Reddy, Y.R. and Blummel, M. (2016) Effect of varying the crop residue, cultivar and physical form on intake and nutrient utilization in Deccani sheep fed complete diets. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 16: 197-208. [Crossref]

70. Nagalakshmi, D. and Reddy, D.N. (2012) Effect of feeding processed paddy straw based complete diets on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation pattern in sheep. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 29(2): 132-137.

71. Bhima, B., Reddy, Y.R., Reddy, M.S., Pawani, M. and Rao. L.V. (2014) Effect of thermo-tolerant yeast on intake and nutrient digestibility's in Murrah buffalo steers (Bubalus bubalis) fed straw based complete diet. Vet. World, 7(7): 501-504. [Crossref]

72. Nehra, R., Sharma, T., Dhuria, R.K. and Dangi, S.S. (2014) Effect of feeding green gram straw-based complete feed blocks with or without live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation in ration of goats. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 14: 321-328. [Crossref]

73. Sehgal, J.P., Mir, I.A., Jha, P., Kumar, S. and Sharma, V.K. (2012) Effect of feeding fungal zoospores of Orpinomyces joyonii in TMR on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation parameters in Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 29(1): 63-68.

74. Kumar, P.S., Tomer, S.K. and Sengar, S.S. (2000) Effect of wheat straw based complete diets on feed intake and nutrient utilization in buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 17: 341-343.

75. Prasad, J.R., Rao, Z.P. and Rao, D.S. (2000) Evaluation of complete rations containing groundnut haulms at different levels in sheep. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 17(2): 147-152.

76. Singh, N.P. and Sankhyan, S.K. (2003) Effect of supplementary concentrate on growth, wool yield and quality in fine wool sheep. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 3(2): 189-193.

77. Dhuria, R.K., Purohit, G.R. and Sharma, T. (2007) Effect of incorporation of mustard (Brassica campestris) straw in the complete feed on nutrient utilization by sheep. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 7: 205-212.

78. Babu, J., Kumari, N.N., Reddy, Y.R., Raghunandan, T. and Sridhar, K. (2014) Effect of feeding sweet sorghum stover based complete ration on nutrient utilization in Nellore lambs. Vet. World, 7(11): 970-975. [Crossref]

79. Nagalakshmi, D., Reddy, D.N. and Prasad, M.R. (2014) Effect of feeding red gram stalks based complete diets on nutrient utilization and plane of nutrition in buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Res., 48(3): 231-235. [Crossref]

80. Rajamma, K., Kumar, D.S., Rao, E.R. and Nath, D.N. (2014) Nutrient utilisation in buffalo bulls fed total mixed rations supplemented with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 31(3): 213-217.

81. Veerannapet, V., Malisetty, V. and Repalle, P.K. (2016) Effect of feeding maize stover-based complete rations on nutrient utilization, nutritive value and nitrogen balance in NellorexDeccani male lambs. Indian J. Small Rumin., 22(1): 118-120. [Crossref]

82. Sinha, S.K., Chaturvedi, V.B., Singh, P., Verma, A.K. and Shivani, S. (2016) Evaluation of total mixed rations in terms of nutrient utilisation, methane production and gaseous exchange in cattle and buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 33(1): 33-38. [Crossref]

83. Samanta, A.K., Singh, K.K., Das, M.M., Maity, S.B. and Kundu, S.S. (2003) Effect of complete feed block on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation in Barbari goats. Small Rumin. Res., 48: 95-102. [Crossref]

84. Bhatta, R., Vaithiyanathan, S., Singh, N.P. and Verma, D.L. (2007) Effect of feeding complete diets containing graded levels of Prosopis cineraria leaves on feed intake, nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation in lambs and kids. Small Rumin. Res., 67: 75-83. [Crossref]

85. Bartley, E.E. (1973) Effect of a self pelleted mixture of hay and calf starter on the performance of young dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 56: 817-820. [Crossref]

86. Florek, S. and Lewicki, C. (1982) Silage and supplementary mixture compared with complete feed in the fattening of bulls. Nutr. Abstr. Rev., 52: 11.

87. Bonsi, M.L.K., Osuji, P.O., Nshalai, I.V. and Taush, A.K. (1994) Graded level of Sesbania sesban and Leuceana leucocephala as supplements of teff straw given to Ethiopian Menz sheep. Anim. Prod., 59: 235-244. [Crossref]

88. ICAR. (1985) Nutrient Requirement of Livestock and Poultry. Publications and Information Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

89. Rajmane, S.M. and Deshmukh, S.V. (2000) Nutritional evaluation of complete rations in goats. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 17(3): 246-248.

90. Venkateswarlu, M., Reddy, Y.R. and Reddy, M.S. (2013) Effect of feeding crop residues based complete rations on growth in ram lambs. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol., 2(1): 15-19.

91. Devasena, B. and Prasad, J.R. (2014) Performance of goats fed crop residue based complete rations. Haryana Vet., 53(1): 68-71.

92. Jafur, M.A., Ferdaus, M., Rashid, A., Khan, M.J., Monir, M.M. and Kawsar, M.H. (2015) Performance of growing Black Bengal goats as affected by different levels of crude protein in complete pellet diets. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 32(3): 269-273.

93. Nagpal, A.K. and Singh, S. (2015) Performance of male camel calves fed on pelleted rations with two levels of protein. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 32(4): 393-397. [Crossref]

94. Matto, F.A. and Ganai, A.M. (2006) Nutritive evaluation of total mixed rations containing rice straw and tree leaves in sheep. In: Proceedings of VIth Animal Nutrition Association Biennial Conference Held at SKUAST-J, 15-17th September; 2006. p. 19-20.

95. Venkateswarlu, M., Reddy, Y.R., Nagalakshmi, D. and Mahender, M. (2014) Effect of feeding sorghum straw based complete rations with different roughage to concentrate ratio on growth and carcass characteristics in Nellore ram lambs. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 14: 563-572. [Crossref]

96. Dhore, R.N., Deshmukh, G.B. and Dhok, A.P. (2014) Performance of goats on wheat and sorghum straw-based complete feed pellets. Indian J. Small Rumin., 20(1): 41-44.

97. Venkateshwarlu, V., Venkateswarlu, M., Reddy, Y.R. and Harikrishna, C. (2014) Effect of feeding maize stover based complete rations on growth and carcass characteristics in NellorexDeccani ram lambs. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 31(1): 36-43.

98. Pannu, M.S., Kaushal, J.R., Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. (2002) Effect of naturally fermented wheat straw based complete feeds on the growth of buffalo calves. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci., 15(11): 1568-1572. [Crossref]

99. Rekhate, D.H., Madavi, V.B. and Dhok, A.P. (2007) Performance of goats fed arhar (Cajanus cajan) straw based pelleted complete ration. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 7: 47-52.

100. Ananth, D. and James, C.S. (2013) Performance evaluation of cassava hay based complete pelleted ration on growing Malabari kids. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 30(4): 358-364.

101. Radhakrishnan, L. and Balakrishnan, V. (2013) Effect of including Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves for replacing groundnut haulms in complete diets on growth of kids. Indian J. Small Rumin., 19(2): 159-161.

102. Medhi, D., Hanah, S.S., Sarmah, P.P., Tsering, K., Ali, E., Das, P.P., Das, P.J. and Deb, S.M. (2016) Performances of lactating yaks on silage and complete feed block based feeding regiments. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 86(2): 203-205.

103. Nagpal, A.K. (2013) Evaluation of roughage based complete feed pellet diets in male camel calves. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 30(2): 169-174.

104. Emmanuel, N., Patil, N.V., Bhagwat, R.S., Lateef, A., Xu, K. and Liu, H. (2015) Effects of different levels of urea supplementation on nutrient intake and growth performance in growing camels fed roughage based complete pellet diets. Anim. Nutr., 1: 356-361. [Crossref]

105. Kumar, S., Sehgal, J.P., Puniya, A.K. and Kumari, R. (2015) Growth performance and fibre utilization of Murrah male buffalo calves fed wheat straw based complete feed blocks incorporated with superior anaerobic fungal zoospores (Neocallimastix sp. GR-1). Indian J. Anim. Sci., 85(3): 275-281.

106. Olson, H.H. (I965) What Do We Know About Complete Feeds for Dairy Cattle? Cornell Nutrition Conference and Feed Manufacturing. p80.

107. Reddy, G.V.N., Wilhelina, P.O. and Reddy, M.S. (2003) Effect of differently processed complete diet on performance of Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 20: 131-135.

108. Dougherty, D. (2002) Effect of Feeding Strategies on Milk. Pine Creek Nutrition Service, a California Corporation. Available from: http://www.moomilk.com/archive/nutrition-05.htm. Last accessed on 10-05-2016.

109. Reddy, D.N. and Reddy, M.R. (1983) The effect of feeding complete feeds on nutrient utilization and milk production on crossbred cows. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 36: 421-423.

110. Holter, J.B., Urban, W.E., Hayes, H.H.J. and Davis, H.A. (1977) Utilization of diet components fed blended or separately to lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci., 60: 1288-1293. [Crossref]

111. Das, M.M., Singh, K.K., Samanta, A.K., Kundu, S.S. and Sharma, S.D. (2004) Effect of complete feed blocks on milk yield and its composition in buffalo. In: Proceedings of XI Animal Nutrition Conference, Jabalpur, 5-7th January. p78.

112. Rakes, A.H. (1969) Complete rations for dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 52: 870. [Crossref]

113. Kumar, V., Tyagi, A.K., Thakur, S.S., Kundu, S.S. and Kale, V.R. (2014) Effect of feeding total mixed ration on productive performance and blood biochemical profile in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 31(4): 329-332.

114. Villavicencio, E., Rusoff, I.L., Girouard, R.E. and Waters, W.H. (1968) Comparison of complete feed rations to a conventional ration for lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci., 51: 1633-1638. [Crossref]

115. O'Neil, B.F., Deighton, M.H., O'Loughlin, B.M., Mulligan, F.J., Boland, T.M., O'Donovan, M. and Lewis, E. (2011) Effect of a perennial ryegrass diet or total mixed ration diet offered to spring-calving HF dairy cows on methane emissions, dry matter intake and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 94(4): 1941-1951. [Crossref] [PubMed]

116. Emery, R.S., Brown, L.D. and Thomas, J.W. (1964) Comparison of corncobs and hay in ground, restricted roughage rations affecting milk composition. J. Dairy Sci., 17: 1322. [Crossref]

117. Leighton, R.E. and Rupell, W. (1964) Comparison of the feeding values of various low roughage rations and a normal ration for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 47: 708.

118. Benz, J.J., Olson, H.H. and Alex, R. (1966) Source and level of roughages in dairy complete feeds. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 897.

119. Nelson, B.O., Elley, H.O. and Morgan, E.B. (1968) Effect of feeding varying forage to concentrate ratio to lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 51: 626. [Crossref]

120. Owen, J.B., Miller, E.L. and Bridge, P.S. (1969) Complete diets given ad lib to dairy cows. The effect of the level of inclusion of milled straw. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 72: 351-357. [Crossref]

121. Owen, J.B. and Miller, E.L. (1971) Complete diets given ad lib to dairy cows: The effect of straw content and cubing the diet. J. Agric. Sci., 77: 195. [Crossref]

122. Gupta, R.B., Tiwari, D.P. and Kumar, A. (2006) Effect of feeding complete ration vis-a-vis conventional ration on nutrient utilization and rumen metabolism in crossbred cattle. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 76(1): 55-60.

123. Huyen, N.T., Wanapat, M. and Navanukraw, C. (2012) Effect of mulberry leaf pellet (MUP) supplementation on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in beef cattle fed on rice straw-based diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 175: 8-15. [Crossref]

124. Dhuria, R.K. and Sharma, T. (2010) Nutrient utilization of Bajra straw based complete feed in Magra lambs. Indian Vet. J., 87: 1115-1117.

125. Dhuria, R.K., Sharma, T. and Purohit, G.R. (2011) Effect of densification of gram straw based complete feed on rumen and haemato biochemical parameters in Magra lambs. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 11: 133-140.

126. Dhuria, R.K., Sharma, T. and Garg, D.D. (2011) Mustard straw based complete feed blocks for lambs. Indian Vet. J., 11(1): 47-49.

127. Garg, D.D., Sharma, T. and Dhuria, R.K. (2009) Evaluation of groundnut straw based complete feed blocks alone and in combination with yeast in ration of sheep. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 9: 137-144.

128. Jha, P., Sehgal, J.P., Lather, P., Sharma, V.K. and Jha, N. (2011) Effects of supplementation of wheat straw based complete feed blocks with fungal zoospores and sulphur on rumen fermentation in buffalo calves. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 28(2): 144-148.

129. Ankuo, S. and Chuen, R.H. (1999) Effects of feeding total mixed ration on the lactational performance and blood parameters of dairy goat. J. Taiwan Livest. Res., 32: 183.

130. Delany, K.K., Macmillan, K.L., Grainger, C., Thomson, P.C., Blache, D., Nicholas, K.R. and Auldist, M.J. (2010) Blood plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones and glucose during extended lactation in grazing cows or cows fed a total mixed ration. J. Dairy Sci., 93(12): 5913-5920. [Crossref] [PubMed]

131. Nagpal, A.K., Roy, A.K. and Arora, M. (2002) Nutrient utilization of guar (Cymopsistetra gonoloba) phalgati based complete diet in camel calves. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 19(2): 149-152.

132. Rekhate, D.H., Patil, J.M. and Dhok, A.P. (2008) Effect of pelleted complete diet on blood biochemical profile of goats. Indian J. Anim. Res., 42(3): 227-229.

133. Beigh, Y.A. and Ganai, A.M. (2014). Effect of feeding graded levels of leaf meal on digestibility, clinical chemistry and rumen fermentation of lambs. Anim. Nutr. Feed Tech., 13: 549-562. [Crossref]

134. Ramulu, S.P., Nagalakshmi, D. and Kumar, M.K. (2015) Effect of zinc supplementation on haematology and serum biochemical constituents in Murrah buffalo calves. Indian J. Anim. Res., 49(4): 482-486. [Crossref]