Aim: The aim of the study was to examine pathology and the distribution pattern of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in internal organs of chickens from a field case using immunohistochemical staining.

Materials and Methods: 10 groups of broiler, layer, and domestic chicken were collected from necropsy room Division of Pathology, Bogor Agricultural University. These chickens were originated from West Java and collected based on pathologist diagnosis as suspect of Newcastle disease (ND). They were subsequently confirmed positive of ND with real-time-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. The respiratory, circulatory, digestive, lymphoreticular and central nervous systems were collected for histopathology examination.

Results: The gross pathology and histopathology changes were tracheitis, pneumonia, pericarditis, myocarditis, catarrhal proventriculitis, catarrhal enteritis, typhlitis, perihepatitis, pancreatitis, nephritis interstitial, splenitis, atrophy of Bursa Fabricius, and encephalitis.

Conclusion: The distribution pattern of NDV in internal organs of chickens from a field case in this study is similar with a previous reported pattern in systemic cases of the internal chicken organs. High intensity of immunohistochemistry stain result was detected in trachea, lung, proventriculus, duodenum, cecal tonsil, kidney, and brain.

Keywords: broiler, domestic chicken, immunohistochemistry, layer, Newcastle disease.

1. OIE, Office International des Epizootie. (2012) Newcastle Disease. OIE Terrestrial Manual. Office International des Epizootie, New Brunswick.

2. Alexander, D.J. and Senne, D.A. (2008) Newcasle disease. In: Saif, Y.N., editor. Disease of Poultry. 12th ed. IOWA, USA, Blackwell Publishing. p75-94.

3. Miller, P.J., Decanini, E.L. and Afonso, C.L. (2010) Newcasle disease: Evolutin of genotypes and related diagnostic challenges. Infect. Genet. Evol., 10(1): 2aa6-35.

4. Xiao, S., Paldurai, A., Nayak, B., Samuel, A., Bharoto, A.E., Prajitno, T.Y., Collins, P.L. and Samal, S.K. (2012) Complete genome sequences of Newcasle disease virus strains circulating in chicken populations of Indonesia. J. Virol., 86(10): 5969-5970. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

5. Adi, A.A., Astawa, N.M., Putra, K.S., Hayashi, Y. and Matsumoto, Y. (2010) Isolation and characterization of a pathogenic Newcastle disease virus from a natural case in Indonesia. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 72(3): 313-319. [Crossref]

6. Miller, P.J., Hadas, R., Simanov, L., Lublin, A., Rehmani, S.F., Wajid, A., Bibi, T., Khan, T.A., Yaqub, T., Setiyaningsih, S. and Afonso, C.L. (2015) Identification of new sub-genotypes of virulent Newcastle disease virus with potential panzootic features. Infect. Genet. Evol., 29(1): 216-229. [Crossref] [PubMed]

7. Darniati, S.S. and Indrawati, A. (2015) Molecular detection and diversity of Newcastle disease virus isolates from native chickens in Aceh. J. Ked. Hewan, 9(2): 178-184.

8. Panus, A., Setiyaningsih, S. and Mayasari, N.L.P. (2015) Newcastle disease virus infection study on duck and chicken in Subang District. J. Ilmu Ternak Vet., 20(2): 134-147. [Crossref]

9. Khorrajiya, J.H., Pandey, S., Ghodasara, P.D., Joshi, B.P., Prajapati, K.S., Hodasara, D.J. and Mathakiya, R.A. (2015) Patho-epidemiological study on genotype-XIII Newcastle disease virus infection in commercial vaccinated layer farms. Vet. World, 8(3): 372-381. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

10. Balachandran, P., Srinivasan, P., Sivaseelan, S., Balasubramaniam, G.A. and Gopala Krishna Murthy, T.R. (2014) Isolation and characterization of Newcastle disease virus from vaccinated commercial layer chicken. Vet. World, 7(7): 457-462. [Crossref]

11. Ramos-Vara, J.A. and Miller, M.A. (2014) When tissue antigens and antibodies get along: Revisting the technical aspects of immunohistochemistry-the red, brown, and blue technique. Vet. Pathol., 51(1): 42-87. [Crossref] [PubMed]

12. Erwin, Etriwati, Gunanti, Handharyani, E. and Noviana, D. (2017) Changes in histopathology and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 expression in skin graft with different time on Indonesian local cats. Vet. World, 10(6): 662-666. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

13. Wen, G., Hu, X., Zhao, K., Wang, H., Zhang, Z., Zhang, T., Yang, J., Luo, Q., Zhang, R., Pan, Z., Shao, H. and Yu, Q. (2016) Molecular basis for the thermostability of Newcastle disease virus. Sci. Rep., 6: 22492. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

14. Kothlow, S. and Kaspers, B. (2008) The avian respiratory immune system. In: Davison, F., Kaspers, B. and Schat, K.A., editors. Avian Immunology. 1st ed. Academic Press Elsevier, San Diego. p273-288. [Crossref]

15. Lopez, A. (2012) Respiratory system. In: McGavin, M.D. and Zachary, J.F., editors. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. 5th ed. Mosby Elsivier, St. Louis. p458-538.

16. Nakamura, K., Ohtsu, N., Nakamura, T., Yamamoto, Y., Yamada, M., Mase, M. and Imai, K. (2008) Pathologic and immunohistochemical studies of Newcastle disease (ND) in broiler chickens vaccinated with ND: Severe nonpurulent encephalitis and necrotizing pancreatitis. Vet. Pathol., 45(6): 928-933. [Crossref] [PubMed]

17. Oladele, S.B., Abdu, P., Nok, A.J., Ibrahim, N.D.G. and Esievo, K.A.N. (2008) Pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus Kudu 113 strains in relation to neuraminidase production in chickens. Vet. Res., 2(1): 3-8.

18. Cattoli, G., Susta, L., Terregino, C. and Brown, C. (2011) Newcastle disease: A review of field recognition and current methods of laboratory detection. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 23(4): 637-656. [Crossref] [PubMed]

19. Bwala, D.G., Clift, S., Duncan, N.M., Bisschop, S.P. and Oludayo, F.F. (2012) Determination of the distribution of lentogenic vaccine and virulent Newcastle disease virus antigen in the oviduct of SPF and commercial hen using immunohistochemistry. Res. Vet. Sci., 93(1): 520-528. [Crossref] [PubMed]

20. Kommers, G.D., King, D.J., Seal, B.C. and Brown, C.C. (2001) Virulence of pigeon-origin Newcastle disease virus isolates for domestic chickens. Avian. Dis., 45(4): 906-921. [Crossref]

21. Eze, C.P., Okoye, J.O.A., Ogbonna, I.O., Ezema, W.S., Eze, D.C., Okwor, E.C., Ibu, J.O. and Salihu, E.A. (2014) Comparative study of the pathology and pathogenesis of a local velogenic Newcastle disease virus infection in ducks and chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 13(1): 52-61. [Crossref]

22. Zachary, J.F. (2012) Nervous system. In: McGavin, M.D. and Zachary, J.F., editors. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. 5th ed. Mosby Elsivier, St. Louis. p771-870.

23. Ecco, R., Susta, L., Afonso, C.L., Miller, P.J. and Brown, C. (2011) Neurological lesins in chickens experimentally infected with virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates. Avian. Pathol., 40(2): 145-152. [Crossref] [PubMed]

24. Kapczynski, D.R., Afonso, C.L. and Miller, P.J. (2013) Immune responses of poultry to Newcastle disease virus. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 41(3): 447-453. [Crossref] [PubMed]

25. Wang, X., Zhou, Q., Shen, J., Yao, J. and Yang, X. (2015) Effect of difference doses of Newcastle disease vaccine immunization on growth performance, plasma variables and immune response of broilers. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 6(1): 1-5. [Crossref]