Open Access
Research (Published online: 20-04-2023)
19. The effects of heat-moisture treatment on resistant starch levels in cassava and on fermentation, methanogenesis, and microbial populations in ruminants
Legi Okta Putra, Sri Suharti, Ki Ageng Sarwono, Sutikno Sutikno, Ainissya Fitri, Wulansih Dwi Astuti, Rohmatussolihat Rohmatussolihat, Yantyati Widyastuti, Roni Ridwan, Rusli Fidriyanto, and Komang Gede Wiryawanv
Veterinary World, 16(4): 811-819

Legi Okta Putra: Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.
Sri Suharti: Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.
Ki Ageng Sarwono: Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
Sutikno Sutikno: Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
Ainissya Fitri: Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
Wulansih Dwi Astuti: Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
Rohmatussolihat Rohmatussolihat: Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia; Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
Yantyati Widyastuti: Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
Roni Ridwan: Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
Rusli Fidriyanto: Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia; Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
Komang Gede Wiryawanv: Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.

doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.811-819

Article history: Received: 14-01-2023, Accepted: 06-03-2023, Published online: 20-04-2023

Corresponding authors: Sri Suharti

E-mail: sri_suharti@apps.ipb.ac.id

Citation: Putra LO, Suharti S, Sarwono KA, Sutikno S, Fitri A, Astuti WD, Rohmatussolihat R, Widyastuti Y, Ridwan R, Fidriyanto R, and Wiryawan KG (2023) The effects of heat-moisture treatment on resistant starch levels in cassava and on fermentation, methanogenesis, and microbial populations in ruminants, Veterinary World, 16(4): 811-819.
Abstract

Background and Aim: Resistant starch (RS) is difficult to digest in the digestive tract. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) on RS in cassava and examined its impact on rumen fermentation.

Materials and Methods: Cassava flour was used as a raw material and used in a randomized block design with four different cycles of HMT as the treatments and four different rumen incubations in vitro as blocks. Treatments included: HMT0: without HMT (control), HMT1: one HMT cycle, HMT2: two HMT cycles, and HMT3: three HMT cycles. Heat-moisture treatment processes were performed at 121°C for 15 min and then freezing at -20°C for 6 h. Analyzed HMT cassava starch characteristics included components, digestibility, and physicochemical properties. In in vitro rumen fermentation studies (48 h incubation) using HMT cassava, digestibility, gas production, methane, fermentation profiles, and microbial population assessments were performed.

Results: Heat-moisture treatment significantly reduced (p < 0.05) starch, amylopectin, rapidly digestible starch (RDS), and slowly digestible starch levels. In contrast, amylose, reducing sugars, very RDS, RS, and protein digestion levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Additionally, a reduced crystallinity index and an increased amorphous index were observed in starch using Fourier-transform infrared analyses, while a change in crystalline type from type A to type B, along with a reduction in crystallinity degree, was observed in X-ray diffraction analyses. Heat-moisture treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced rumen dry matter (DM) degradation, gas production, methane (CH4 for 12 h), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and propionate levels. In addition, acetate, butyrate, and acetate/propionate ratios, as well as population of Streptococcus bovis and Bacteroides were significantly increased (p < 0.05). However, pH, ammonia, and organic matter digestibility were unaffected (p < 0.05) by HMT.

Conclusion: Cassava HMT altered starch characteristics, significantly increased RS, which appeared to limit rumen digestion activity, decreased rumen DM degradation, gas production, VFAs, and CH4 production for 12 h, but increased S. bovis and Bacteroides levels.

Keywords: heat-moisture treatment, in vitro, rumen fermentation, starch modification.