Piper betle extract and its application in bovine teat dipping solution inhibit and eliminate biofilms in bovine mastitis-inducing staphylococci

Vet World Vol.16 October-2023 Article-16

Research Article

Veterinary World, 16(10): 2135-2142

https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.2135-2142

Paparwee Sungkatavat^1,2, Haemarat Khongkhai³, Wilasinee Kanchana¹, Phirabhat Saengsawarng^1,2, Suthinee Sangkanu⁴, Veeranoot Nissapatorn⁴, Maria de Lourdes Pereira⁵, Julalak Chorachoo Ontong⁶, and Watcharapong Mitsuwan^1,2,7

1. Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
2. One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
3. Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
4. School of Allied Health Sciences, Southeast Asia Water Team, World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery, and Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
5. CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
6. Cosmetic Technology and Dietary Supplement Products Program, Faculty of Agro and Bio Industry, Thaksin University, Phatthalung, Thailand.
7. Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.

Background and Aim: Staphylococci, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, are significant bacteria that induce bovine mastitis, primarily because they can form biofilms in bovine teat canals. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Piper betle extract and a bovine teat dipping solution containing P. betle extract (BSP) against these mastitis-causing staphylococci.

Materials and Methods: BSP was prepared using P. betle extract as the bioactive compound. The antibacterial activity of the plant extract and BSP against the pathogens was investigated using a broth microdilution method. The activity of the extract and BSP against the pathogen biofilms was also determined. A stability test was performed to observe the pH, color, turbidity, homogeneity, precipitation, and separation of BSP stored at 4°C and 25°C for up to 4 weeks.

Results: The extract exhibited potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. haemolyticus, with similar values for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranging from 0.03 mg/mL to 0.125 mg/mL. The MIC and MBC values of the extract against S. chromogenes were 0.5-1 mg/mL and 0.5-2 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, BSP exhibited MIC and MBC values of 12.5–50 v/v against all tested staphylococci isolates. When used at 1/2 and 1/4 × MIC, the extract and BSP significantly inhibited the formation of staphylococcal biofilms (p < 0.05) in the tested strains. The results indicated that treatment with 1/2 × MIC of the extract and BSP resulted in biofilm inhibition ranging from 30%–66% and 19%–39%, respectively. Furthermore, the extract at 16 × MIC eliminated 54%-86% of established mature isolate biofilms, whereas BSP removed 41%-61% of mature biofilm viability. Storage of BSP at 4°C did not change the factors associated with stability from the 1st to 4th week.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that BSP may exhibit potential medicinal benefits in inhibiting the growth and biofilm formation of mastitis-inducing staphylococci in bovines. Keywords: antibacterial activity, biofilms, bovine teat dipping solution, Piper betle extract, staphylococci.

Keywords: antibacterial activity, biofilms, bovine teat dipping solution, Piper betle extract, staphylococci.

How to cite this article: Sungkatavat P, Khongkhai H, Kanchana W, Saengsawarng P, Sangkanu S, Nissapatorn V, Pereira ML, Ontong JC, and Mitsuwan W (2023) Piper betle extract and its application in bovine teat dipping solution inhibit and eliminate biofilms in bovine mastitis-inducing staphylococci, Veterinary World, 16(10): 2135-2142.

Received: 06-07-2023 Accepted: 18-09-2023 Published online: 18-10-2023

Corresponding author: Watcharapong Mitsuwan E-mail: watcharapong.mi@wu.ac.th

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2135-2142

Copyright: Sungkatavat, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.