Protein characterization of an Indonesian isolate of foot and mouth disease virus inactivated with formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine

Vet World Vol.17 August-2024 Article - 21

Research Article

Veterinary World, 17(8): 1836-1845

https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.1836-1845

Yudha Kurniawan¹, Wiwiek Tyasningsih², Jola Rahmahani², Yulianna Puspitasari², Kusnoto Kusnoto³, Fadia Azzahra⁴, Talenta Miracle Tobing⁴, Ahmad Aswin⁵, Diyantoro Diyantoro^5,6, Firdausy Kurnia Maulana⁵, Helen Susilowati⁵, Suryo Kuncorojakti^5,7, and Fedik Abdul Rantam^2,5

1. Magister Program in Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
2. Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
3. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
4. Bachelor Program in Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
5. Research Centre for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
6. Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
7. Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.

Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-footed animals. It is a major threat to livestock production worldwide, causing significant economic losses. Inactivation of FMD virus (FMDV) is crucial for vaccine development and control of outbreaks. However, traditional inactivation methods can sometimes damage the viral protein, affecting vaccine efficacy. Therefore, finding new inactivating agents that effectively inactivate the virus while preserving the integrity of its proteins is an important research area. This study investigated the optimal materials (0.04% formaldehyde, 0.001 M binary ethylenimine [BEI], or a combination) for inactivating and preserving the specific molecular weight of Serotype O FMDV protein.

Materials and Methods: This study used serotype O FMDV isolated from several areas of East Java. The virus was inoculated into baby hamster kidney-21 cells, and the titer was calculated using the TCID50 Assay. The virus was inactivated using 0.04% formaldehyde, 0.001 M BEI, or a combination of 0.04% formaldehyde and 0.001 M BEI. Inactive viral proteins were characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting.

Results: Serotype O FMDV can be inactivated using 0.04% formaldehyde while preserving specific FMDV proteins, specifically VP0 and VP3 with a molecular weight (MW) of 36 kDa and VP3 with a MW of 24 kDa. Serotype O FMDV can be inactivated by 0.001 M BEI while preserving specific FMDV proteins, specifically VP0 with a MW of 35 kDa, VP3 with a MW of 28 kDa, and VP1 with a MW of 23 kDa. FMDV serotype O can be inactivated using a combination of 0.04% formaldehyde and 0.001 M BEI while preserving specific FMDV proteins, specifically VP0 and VP3 with a MW of 36 kDa and VP3 with a MW of 24 kDa.

Conclusion: This study found that 0.04% formaldehyde, alone or in combination with 0.001 M BEI, was effective for inactivating and preserving the specific molecular weight of Serotype O FMDV protein. The limitation of this study was the inactivations of the virus have not yet been tested for their potency on experimental animals. Further research is warranted to investigate the inactivation kinetics of these materials, including their potency on experimental animals. Additionally, a comparison of the inactivation rates between 0.04% formaldehyde alone and the combination with BEI would help to determine the optimal inactivation agent for future applications.

Keywords: binary ethylenimine, foot-and-mouth disease virus, formaldehyde, protein.

How to cite this article: Kurniawan Y, Tyasningsih W, Rahmahani J, Puspitasari Y, Kusnoto K, Azzahra F, Tobing TM, Aswin A, Diyantoro D, Maulana FK, Susilowati H, Kuncorojakti S, and Rantam FA (2024) Protein characterization of an Indonesian isolate of foot and mouth disease virus inactivated with formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine, Veterinary World, 17(8): 1836-1845.

Received: 2024-02-12 Accepted: 2024-07-16 Published online: 2024-08-24

Corresponding author: Fedik Abdul Rantam E-mail: fedik-a-r@fkh.unair.ac.id

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1836-1845

Copyright: Kurniawan, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.