Vet World Vol.17 June-2024 Article - 1
Research Article
Veterinary World, 17(6): 1190-1195
https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.1190-1195
Inactivation of an Indonesian isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus using formaldehyde
2. Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
3. Research Center for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
4. Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
5. Division of Veterinary Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
6. Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
7. Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
8. Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
9. Magister Program in Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
10. Pusvetma Veterinary Farma Big Center, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia.
Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that endangers livestock and the environment with significant economic consequences. This study aimed to validate the inactivation of the Indonesian isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) with various formaldehyde concentration.
Materials and Methods: The experiment started with FMDV being adapted on BHK-21 cells until cytopathic effects (CPE) appeared. The biological titer of the virus was determined using the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay. The virus was inactivated by exposing the isolate to different formaldehyde (FA) concentrations (0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) at 37°C for 24 h, and residual infectivity was assessed using CPE scoring of reinoculated BHK-21 cells.
Results: 72 h post-inoculation, the virulence of the FMDV isolate was indicated by complete CPE on BHK-21 monolayer cells, with a TCID50 value of 109/mL; CPE scoring did not signify significant differences (p < 0.05) among 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% FA, and the negative control. All treatment groups showed significant differences (p < 0.05) from the positive control (C+). FA concentrations inactivated the FMDV isolate under the given conditions. 0.025% and 0.05% FA continued to display CPE through the third passage, while 0.2% FA did not significantly differ from 0.1% FA (p > 0.05). 0.1% FA is the optimal concentration for safely and effectively inactivating FMDV.
Conclusion: All of the formaldehyde concentrations can completely inactivate the FMDV isolate, with the most optimal and safe concentration being 0.1%.
Keywords: foot-and-mouth disease virus, formaldehyde inactivation, vaccine development.
How to cite this article: Tobing TM, Rantam FA, Widiyatno TV, Tacharina MR, Rahmahani J, Triakoso N, Kuncorojakti S, Puspitasari H, Susilowati H, Diyantoro, Azzahra F, Kurniawan Y, Aswin A, and Susila EB (2024) Inactivation of an Indonesian isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus using formaldehyde, Veterinary World, 17(6): 1190–1195.
Received: 2023-12-11 Accepted: 2024-05-06 Published online: 2024-06-02
Corresponding author: E-mail:
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1190-1195
Copyright: Tobing, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
