Vet World   Vol.18   December-2025  Article - 1 

Palmitic acid supplementation enhances milk fat synthesis and energy balance without altering intake or yield in lactating goats

Jenny Nathalia Álvarez-Torres¹ , Jacinto Efrén Ramírez-Bribiesca¹ , Yuridia Bautista-Martínez² , Alexis Ruiz-González³ , María Magdalena Crosby-Galván¹ , Mónica Ramírez-Mella⁴ , Jorge Alonso Maldonado-Jáquez⁵ , and Lorenzo Danilo Granados-Rivera⁶

Background and Aim: Palmitic acid (PA) (C16: 0) is a rumen-inert long-chain fatty acid (FA) widely used in dairy cattle to increase dietary energy density and milk fat synthesis; however, its effects in dairy goats remain poorly characterized. This study evaluated whether supplementing 3% or 6% PA in the diet of mid-lactation goats could improve milk yield, composition, FA profile, and whole-animal energy balance under semi-arid Mexican production conditions. 

Materials and Methods: Twenty-one multiparous crossbred goats (45.8 ± 1.2 kg; 21 ± 3 days in milk) were randomly assigned to three treatments for 6 weeks after a 2-week adaptation: (1) Control diet (without PA), (2) diet + 3% PA, and (3) diet + 6% PA on a dry-matter (DM) basis. Diets were isoenergetic and isoproteic before PA addition. Individual DM intake (DMI), milk yield, and composition were measured daily; milk FA profiles and energy balance were determined on days 0, 21, and 42. Data were analyzed using a mixed-model with repeated measures, and means were compared using the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). 

Results: PA inclusion did not affect DMI, body weight, or milk yield. However, milk fat concentration and yield increased significantly (p < 0.01) in both PA treatments, with the highest fat concentration observed at 6% PA. The milk FA profile shifted toward greater C16: 0 and C16: 1 proportion (p < 0.0001) and decreased short-chain (<C16) and long-chain (>C16) FA fractions. Energy-corrected milk yield rose by ~40% in PA-fed goats, and energy balance improved markedly from week 3 onward, particularly in the 3% group (p < 0.01), indicating superior dietary energy utilization without intake suppression. 

Conclusion: Moderate PA supplementation (~3% DM) effectively enhances milk fat synthesis and energy efficiency in goats while maintaining stable intake and yield. Increasing PA beyond 3% confers minimal additional benefit and may overly saturate milk fat. These findings provide species-specific evidence that rumen-inert fat inclusion can be an efficient strategy to support metabolic status and product quality in mid-lactation goats under variable forage systems. 

Keywords: dairy goats, energy balance, fatty acid profile, milk composition, palmitic acid, rumen-inert fat.

How to cite this article: Álvarez-Torres JN, Ramírez-Bribiesca JE, Bautista-Martínez Y, Ruiz-González A, Crosby-Galván MM, Ramírez-Mella M, Maldonado-Jáquez JA, and Granados-Rivera LD (2025) Palmitic acid supplementation enhances milk fat synthesis and energy balance without altering intake or yield in lactating goats, Veterinary World, 18(12): 3670-3686.

Received: 01-07-2025   Accepted: 28-10-2025   Published online: 07-12-2025

Corresponding author: Lorenzo Danilo Granados-Rivera    E-mail: dgr_8422@hotmail.com

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.3670-3683

Copyright: Jenny, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.