Abstract

Background and Aim: Rising global temperatures and increasing humidity levels are intensifying the risk of heat stress (HS) in high-yielding dairy cattle. The temperature–humidity index (THI) is a standard metric for evaluating thermal stress in livestock. This study aimed to assess seasonal and diurnal variations in temperature, relative humidity, and THI within a milking parlor and determine their compliance with established thermal comfort thresholds for dairy cows.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a glass-roofed, windowless milking parlor housing 400 Holstein–Friesian cows in Bulgaria. Microclimatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, and THI) were measured during three daily milking sessions (morning, noon, and evening) at 3 time points (start, middle, and end) over a 12-month period. Measurements were taken inside the parlor and 10 m outside. Statistical analysis involved one-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests using STATISTICA version 10.

Results: Summer and spring exhibited the highest mean and peak temperatures (up to 31.4 °C), while winter showed the highest relative humidity (82.39%). THI values peaked in summer, reaching levels classified as “danger” for dairy cows. Morning milking generally recorded lower temperatures and THI. Seasonal variation significantly influenced all microclimatic indicators (p < 0.001), while milking sequence significantly affected temperature and THI (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: In-parlor thermal conditions, especially during summer, exceeded comfort thresholds and posed a risk for HS. The study underscores the urgent need to revise livestock housing regulations to include THI-specific standards for milking parlors. Incorporating real-time microclimatic monitoring can enhance animal welfare and productivity in dairy systems.

Keywords: dairy cows, heat stress, microclimate, milking parlor, seasonal variation, temperature–humidity index, thermal comfort.