The growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) gene is recognized as a critical regulator of ovarian function and fertility in cattle. However, its role in crossbred populations, particularly Madrasin cattle (Madura × Simmental cross), remains underexplored. Understanding the genetic underpinnings of fertility traits in this crossbreed could provide valuable insights for improving reproductive efficiency in Indonesia’s livestock sector. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between GDF-9 gene expression and reproductive traits, specifically reproductive tract size (RTS), cervical mucus characteristics, and fertility rate, in Madrasin cows. A total of 20 Madrasin cows (aged 2–5 years) were evaluated. GDF-9 expression levels were assessed through polymerase chain reaction, and samples were categorized into “Strong Expression” (G1) and “Dimmed Expression” (G2) groups based on amplicon band intensity. Reproductive tract dimensions were recorded through rectal palpation, while cervical mucus quality was analyzed using five parameters: appearance, viscosity, spinnbarkeit, pH, and fern pattern. Fertility was determined by the non-return rate (NRR) following artificial insemination. Statistical analysis was conducted using analysis of variance with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Cows in the strong GDF-9 expression group exhibited significantly larger uterine horn diameters and greater ovarian height than the dimmed group (p < 0.05). Cervical mucus from G1 animals displayed higher scores in appearance and spinnbarkeit, although only appearance was statistically significant. NRR was notably higher in G1 (p < 0.05), suggesting enhanced fertility in cows with elevated GDF-9 expression. GDF-9 gene expression in Madrasin cattle is positively associated with RTS and fertility-related cervical mucus characteristics. These findings suggest that GDF-9 could serve as a promising genetic marker for improving fertility and breeding outcomes in crossbred cattle populations. However, the study’s limited sample size and exclusion of environmental factors warrant further investigation to validate the utility of GDF-9 in broader genetic selection strategies.

Streptococcosis, caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, is a significant disease in tilapia farming that results in substantial economic losses. While vaccination is the most effective method for prevention, current vaccines face challenges when administered orally or through immersion, primarily due to poor absorption and degradation in the fish’s digestive system. Nanotechnology offers new ways to improve vaccine delivery and effectiveness. This review compares two nanoparticle (NPs)-based systems – nanoemulsions and silica NPs (SiNP) – for delivering vaccines to tilapia. Nanoemulsions are small, stable droplets that protect the vaccine and help it stick to mucosal surfaces, making them more effective in triggering immune responses. SiNP are highly stable and can protect vaccines under harsh conditions but still face challenges in particle size and vaccine loading. The review highlights important factors, including particle size, stability, and surfactant composition, that affect the vaccine’s effectiveness. In practical terms, nanoemulsions are more suitable for use in Indonesia’s tropical aquaculture settings because they are easier to apply, more stable, and more effective in their current formulations. Further research is needed to improve both systems, especially to ensure long-term safety, improve delivery to mucosal tissues, and reduce production costs. Nanotechnology-based vaccines have a strong potential to improve fish health and reduce antibiotic use in aquaculture.

Hospital effluents are a major source of environmental contaminants, harboring pathogenic bacteria, toxic trace metals, and high organic loads. This study aimed to evaluate the bacteriological and physicochemical profiles of wastewater discharged from three coastal hospitals in Oran, Algeria, and to assess the associated public and livestock health risks under the One Health approach. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2023 to February 2024, involving monthly sampling at three hospitals and one drainage collector. Twenty-six composite samples were collected at three peak daily intervals. Bacteriological analysis targeted Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. using selective media, membrane filtration, and biochemical confirmation. Physicochemical parameters, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and conductivity, were analyzed using standard American Public Health Association methods. Trace metals (lead [Pb], cadmium, nickel, copper [Cu], zinc) were quantified through atomic absorption spectrometry. All effluents contained pathogenic bacteria, with peak concentrations of E. coli (up to 34.5 × 106 colony-forming units [CFU]/100 mL), S. aureus (up to 4.5 × 106 CFU/100 mL), and persistent Salmonella spp. detected primarily in warmer seasons. All S. aureus and Salmonella isolates exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics. Physicochemical assessment revealed elevated BOD5 (190 mg/L–398 mg/L), COD (200 mg/L–590 mg/L), and COD/BOD5 ratios <2.5, indicating high organic pollution with partial biodegradability. Trace metal concentrations, particularly Pb and Cu, exceeded the World Health Organization discharge guidelines in all samples. Contaminant levels were highest in summer, correlating with increased hospital activity and temperature. Untreated hospital wastewater in Oran poses a serious threat to public and environmental health. The presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and toxic metals highlights the urgent need for dedicated hospital wastewater treatment infrastructure. Grazing livestock and marine ecosystems exposed to these effluents are at risk of bioaccumulation and infection. Regulatory enforcement, routine monitoring, and the implementation of sustainable green hospital plans are essential to safeguard health under the One Health paradigm.

Zoonotic malaria remains a significant public health concern in Southeast Asia. The potential role of cattle as reservoirs for Plasmodium spp. in Indonesia has not been fully elucidated, despite increasing recognition of animal reservoirs in malaria transmission dynamics. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in humans and cattle in a malaria-endemic region of Indonesia to explore the potential for zoonotic transmission and inform integrated control strategies aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 3.3. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March to July 2024 involving 41 human participants and 43 cattle. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using endpoint polymerase chain reaction techniques targeting Plasmodium genus-specific DNA sequences. The infection prevalence in both populations was determined, and the results were interpreted to assess the risk of zoonotic malaria transmission. All human blood samples tested negative for Plasmodium spp., corresponding to a 0% infection rate (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0%–8.5%). In contrast, one cattle sample tested positive, resulting in a 2.33% infection rate among cattle (95% CI: 0.06%–12.0%). The positive detection in cattle was confirmed by a distinct 240 base pairs band through agarose gel electrophoresis. The absence of infections in humans suggests the effectiveness of current public health measures, while the presence of Plasmodium DNA in cattle underscores the potential role of cattle as parasite reservoirs. The findings highlight the importance of integrating animal health surveillance into malaria elimination programs under the One Health framework. Although no zoonotic transmission to humans was observed, the detection of Plasmodium spp. in cattle warrants continuous surveillance, improved livestock management practices, and targeted vector control measures. Further studies with species-specific molecular diagnostics and broader geographic coverage are recommended to clarify the zoonotic potential and transmission dynamics involving cattle.

The global demand for sustainable animal protein sources has led to the exploration of insects as alternative feed ingredients. Among these, black soldier fly (BSF) larvae (Hermetia illucens) have demonstrated significant nutritional and functional potential. This study investigated the effects of microwave-dried BSF larvae meal (MDBSFM) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, humoral immune response, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in broiler chickens. A total of 160 unsexed Lohmann broiler chickens were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments (T0–T4), with MDBSFM supplementation levels of 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%, respectively. Each treatment consisted of four replicates, each with eight birds. Growth performance metrics, organ weights, intestinal histomorphology, immunoglobulin levels (IgA and IgY), and IGF-1 mRNA expression were measured. Fatty acid composition of MDBSFM was analyzed by gas chromatography. MDBSFM supplementation significantly improved body weight gain, final body weight, and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05), with optimal outcomes observed at 0.75% inclusion. Villus height in the ileum was markedly increased in the 0.50% and 0.75% groups (p < 0.01), suggesting enhanced nutrient absorption. IgA and IgY concentrations were significantly elevated in response to MDBSFM (p < 0.05), particularly in the T3 and T4 groups. Although IGF-1 mRNA expression did not differ significantly (p = 0.58), the highest fold change (1.54) was noted in the 1.00% group. Microwave-dried BSF larvae meal represents a promising functional feed additive capable of improving growth, intestinal health, and humoral immune responses in broilers without adverse effects. The high lauric acid content and bioactive compounds in MDBSFM may contribute to these beneficial effects. While IGF-1 upregulation trends warrant further molecular investigation, MDBSFM offers a viable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry diets. Future research should focus on microbiota profiling and large-scale commercial validation.

Mycotoxin contamination in poultry feed, particularly with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), poses significant threats to broiler health, meat quality, and consumer safety. Toxin binders are commonly used to mitigate these effects; however, their impact on endogenous stem cell activity and overall broiler performance remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial toxin binder in reducing AFB1 and OTA residues in broiler meat, inducing endogenous stem cell production, and improving growth and feed performance indices. Twenty Cobb broilers were randomly assigned to four groups: Negative control (C−), positive control with mycotoxin-contaminated feed (C+), treatment 1 (T1: 1.1 g/kg binder), and treatment 2 (T2: 1.6 g/kg binder). Broilers were fed for 35 days. AFB1 and OTA levels in pectoral muscles were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography, while endogenous stem cell markers (CD34+, CD45+, CD105−) in spleen tissue were assessed through flow cytometry. Growth parameters, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and performance index were also evaluated. AFB1 and OTA residues were significantly reduced in T1 and T2 compared to C+ (p < 0.05), with T2 showing the lowest levels (0.0023 μg/mL and 0.073 μg/mL, respectively). Flow cytometry revealed that T2 significantly induced endogenous stem cells (35.62% ± 2.16) compared to all other groups. The highest average daily growth occurred in T1 (68.78 ± 4.78 g/day), while the best FCR (1.38 ± 0.079) and performance index (386.2 ± 14.34) were also recorded in T1. No mortality occurred in any group. Administering a toxin binder at 1.6 g/kg effectively reduced AFB1 and OTA residues and significantly activated endogenous stem cells, suggesting a protective and regenerative effect. Meanwhile, a dose of 1.1 g/kg yielded optimal growth performance and feed efficiency. These findings support the dual functional role of toxin binders in enhancing broiler meat safety and physiological resilience.

The search for sustainable and cost-effective protein alternatives to soybean meal in livestock diets has led to the exploration of legumes such as faba beans [FBs] (Vicia faba L.). This study investigated the effects of dietary inclusion of FBs on carcass traits, meat quality, and selected blood parameters in Awassi lambs. Twenty-four male Awassi lambs (initial body weight: 20.54 ± 0.798 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 12 per group) and fed isonitrogenous diets either with no FB (control diet [CON]) or 20% FB on a dry matter basis (FB20) for 70 days. The trial consisted of a 7-day acclimation period, followed by 63 days of data collection. Carcass evaluation, meat quality analysis (pH, water-holding capacity [WHC], color, and shear force), and blood biochemistry profiling were performed. FB20 supplementation significantly increased loin weight and lean content (p < 0.05), while reducing subcutaneous and total fat percentages (p < 0.05). WHC improved (p = 0.024), shear force decreased (p = 0.024), and meat redness (a*) significantly increased (p < 0.0001) in FB20 lambs. No differences were observed in other meat quality parameters such as pH, cooking loss, whiteness (L*), and yellowness (b*) values. The crude protein content in meat was higher in the FB20 group (p = 0.043), indicating an improved nutritional value. Blood biochemical markers, including urea nitrogen, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, liver enzymes, and lipoproteins, did not differ between groups (p > 0.05), indicating no adverse health effects. The inclusion of 20% FB in the diet of Awassi lambs improved carcass composition and meat quality without negatively affecting animal health. The observed improvements in meat tenderness, protein content, and color, along with unchanged blood profiles, support the use of FBs as a viable and sustainable protein source in lamb production. Future studies should investigate the long-term effects, consumer acceptance, and optimal inclusion rates across various breeds and production systems.

Purple sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas var. Ayamurasaki) possess high nutritional potential due to their rich content of amino acids, minerals, and fatty acids. However, their nutritional profile can be further improved through fermentation. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum InaCC B157 to enhance the biochemical and functional composition of purple sweet potato flour. Six L. plantarum strains were screened for enzymatic activities. The strain with the highest amylolytic, proteolytic, and qualitative cellulolytic activity (InaCC B157) was selected for solid-state fermentation of purple sweet potato flour. Fermented Ipomoea batatas flour (FIB) and unfermented Ipomoea batatas flour (UIB) samples were analyzed for amino acid, mineral, and fatty acid content, along with vitamins A and C, dietary fiber, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds. Microstructure was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. Fermentation significantly increased the levels of essential amino acids – histidine, threonine, valine, methionine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine (excluding lysine) – and non-essential amino acids, including glutamine, serine, glycine, and tyrosine. Mineral concentrations of zinc, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus improved by up to 17.65%, while copper decreased. Linoleic and linolenic acids increased by 55.5% and 100%, respectively. Protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, and vitamins A and C also increased, while ash, anthocyanins, phenols, and steroids showed a decline. Antioxidant activity increased by 13.7%. SEM analysis revealed no substantial morphological differences between FIB and UIB. Fermentation of purple sweet potato flour with L. plantarum InaCC B157 significantly enhanced its nutritional value, particularly amino acid, mineral, and essential fatty acid profiles. These findings support the potential application of fermented purple sweet potato as a functional food and sustainable feed ingredient. Limitations include the lack of sensory evaluation and long-term stability data. Future studies should investigate sensory profiling, shelf-life extension, and optimization of fermentation parameters to further enhance the application of this functional ingredient.

Bovine babesiosis, caused by Babesia bovis, poses significant economic challenges to Kazakhstan’s cattle industry. Early and accurate detection is crucial for interrupting transmission cycles, particularly in regions lacking advanced diagnostic infrastructure. This study aimed to develop a rapid lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) using a recombinant C-terminal fragment of the recombinant rhoptry-associated protein 1 (rRap1) antigen for the serodiagnosis of bovine babesiosis. A C-terminal fragment (amino acids 345–480) of the B. bovis Rap1 gene was codon optimized and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified using metal-affinity chromatography and validated through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A diagnostic evaluation was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and LFIA on sera from 102 uninfected and 15 infected cattle, all of which had been pre-tested using polymerase chain reaction. Colloidal gold-protein G conjugates were prepared for LFIA, and test conditions were optimized for antigen concentration and serum dilution. Assay performance was compared with previously published LFIAs. A 21-kDa rRap1 protein was successfully expressed and demonstrated high specificity to positive control sera. ELISA and LFIA both detected antibodies in 13 of 15 infected samples (sensitivity 86.6%). Specificity was 90.1% for ELISA and 88.2% for LFIA. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.83, and Cohen’s Kappa indicated fair-to-moderate agreement between ELISA and LFIA. The LFIA exhibited comparable performance to assays based on merozoite surface antigen 1 or spherical body protein antigens, marking the first successful use of a B. bovis Rap1 C-terminal fragment for LFIA-based field diagnostics in Kazakhstan. The developed rRap1-based LFIA is a promising, field-deployable diagnostic tool for bovine babesiosis, offering rapid results without the need for laboratory equipment. Despite slightly lower sensitivity than ELISA, its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and specificity support its use in large-scale epidemiological surveillance. Further validation in diverse field conditions and cattle populations is recommended to refine sensitivity and broaden applicability.

Riemerella anatipestifer is a Gram-negative bacterium causing systemic infections in ducks, often treated with quinolones. However, increasing resistance to quinolones poses a threat to effective treatment, and the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance remain inadequately understood in Thailand. This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin; identify mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC; and detect plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in R. anatipestifer isolates from Thai ducks. A total of 37 clinical isolates of R. anatipestifer were collected from diseased ducks between 2021 and 2023. MICs were determined using the agar dilution method, following the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing were employed to detect mutations in gyrA and parC and to screen for PMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS). Phylogenetic analysis of the gyrA gene was performed to assess the relatedness among isolates. Nalidixic acid MICs ranged from 16 μg/mL to ≥128 μg/mL; ciprofloxacin from 1 μg/mL to 8 μg/mL; and enrofloxacin from 0.25 μg/mL to 4 μg/mL. All isolates had a single point mutation at codon 83 of gyrA, either C248T (Ser83Ile, n = 35) or C248G (Ser83Arg, n = 2). No mutations were observed in parC, and none of the PMQR genes were detected. Phylogenetic analysis grouped most Thai isolates into one major cluster, with a few aligning with Chinese strains and the American Type Culture Collection reference strain. This study provides the first molecular evidence of quinolone resistance mechanisms in R. anatipestifer from ducks in Thailand. Resistance appears primarily associated with a single mutation at codon 83 of gyrA, while no parC mutations or PMQR genes were detected. These findings highlight the importance of ongoing resistance surveillance and prudent antimicrobial use. Despite limitations in sample size and gene scope, this study provides essential baseline data to inform treatment guidelines and supports the inclusion of R. anatipestifer monitoring in Thailand’s national antimicrobial resistance action plan. Future research should explore additional resistance genes using advanced genomic tools.

Listeria monocytogenes is a significant zoonotic pathogen linked to reproductive losses in livestock and serious health risks in humans. In Iraq, listeriosis remains underreported in sheep, with limited data on its molecular and epidemiological characteristics. This study aimed to (1) estimate the seroprevalence of L. monocytogenes in recently aborted ewes, (2) evaluate the association between seropositivity and clinical indicators, and (3) perform molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed isolates. From November 2023 to August 2024, 168 aborted ewes in Wasit Province, Iraq, were sampled for vaginal swabs and blood. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for serological screening, while DNA extracted from swabs underwent PCR amplification targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. PCR-positive samples were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed using MEGA-11 software. Clinical data were statistically correlated with seropositivity using odds ratios (OR) and relative risk (RR). ELISA revealed a seroprevalence of 23.21%, with the majority of infections classified as mild. PCR confirmed L. monocytogenes in 3.57% of swabs. Seropositivity significantly correlated with vaginal discharge (30.08%, p = 0.0121), retained placenta, and recent abortion history. Higher infection risk was observed in ewes with no or single previous abortions (OR = 2.464; RR = 2.207) and in flocks with ≤10% abortion rates (OR = 3.729; RR = 2.731). Phylogenetic analysis of six local isolates (GenBank IDs PQ865989.1–PQ865994.1) revealed 96.43%–97.62% sequence identity with an Iranian reference strain (MT071644.1), suggesting regional transmission links. This study is the first to molecularly characterize ovine L. monocytogenes in Iraq, revealing both the prevalence of subclinical infection and cross-border phylogenetic relationships. The integration of serological and molecular diagnostics highlighted underrecognized infections and provided novel insights into the epidemiology of strains. Findings emphasize the need for broader regional surveillance, improved diagnostic protocols, and biosecurity measures in ovine reproductive health management.

Antibiotic resistance has spurred interest in alternative feed additives for poultry. Wood vinegar (WV), a by-product of plant pyrolysis, contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of WV supplementation through drinking water on the cecal microbial population, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, antioxidant enzyme activity, and apparent ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. A total of 432 1-day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 72 per group; 6 replicates of 12 birds each). Treatments included a negative control (T1), a positive control with 0.02% oxytetracycline (T2), and WV-supplemented groups at dilution ratios of 1:100 (T3), 1:200 (T4), 1:500 (T5), and 1:1000 (T6) in drinking water. The experiment lasted 35 days. Plasma antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC]), VFA profiles, ileal digestibility (crude protein [CP], ash, ether extract [EE]), and cecal microbial populations were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the General Linear Model and Duncan’s multiple range tests (p < 0.05). WV supplementation enhanced antioxidant status, with significant increases in GPx (T5 and T6) and T-AOC (T6), while CAT and SOD remained unaffected. T5 significantly elevated acetic, butyric, and total VFA levels. WV-treated birds (T3–T6) showed reduced Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacteria counts and increased bifidobacteria and total bacteria compared with controls. T4 showed the highest digestibility of CP, while T5 significantly improved ash and EE digestibility. WV supplementation, particularly at a 1:200 dilution (T4), effectively improved gut microbial balance, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, and promoted nutrient digestibility. These results support WV as a viable natural alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production.

Granulosa cells (GCs) are crucial mediators of follicular development and oocyte competence in goats, with their gene expression profiles serving as potential biomarkers of fertility. However, the lack of a standardized, quantifiable method to assess GC quality using transcriptomic data has limited the translation of such findings into reproductive applications. This study aimed to develop a hybrid deep learning model integrating one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1DCNNs) and gated recurrent units (GRUs) to classify GCs as fertility-supporting (FS) or non-fertility-supporting (NFS) using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. We analyzed publicly available scRNA-seq datasets from monotocous and polytocous goats. A set of 44 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (False discovery rate ≤0.01, log2 fold change ≥1.5) was identified and used to distinguish FS-GCs and NFS-GCs through Leiden clustering. The expression profiles of these DEGs served as input to train a hybrid 1DCNN-GRU classifier. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The optimized hybrid model achieved high classification performance (accuracy = 98.89%, precision = 100%, recall = 97.83%, and F1 score = 98.84%). When applied to scRNA-seq datasets, it identified a significantly higher proportion of FS-GCs in the polytocous sample (87%) compared to the monotocous sample (10.17%). DEG overlap across samples further confirmed the model’s biological consistency and generalizability. This study presents the first application of deep learning-based classification of goat GCs using scRNA-seq data. The hybrid 1DCNN-GRU model offers a robust and quantifiable method for evaluating GC fertility, holding promise for improving reproductive selection in livestock breeding programs. Future validation in larger datasets and across species could establish this model as a scalable molecular tool for precision livestock management.

Echocardiographic assessment in equines is typically performed on standing animals; however, no studies have evaluated left ventricular function in anesthetized mules using high-dose xylazine. Given the unique pharmacokinetics in mules and their higher anesthetic requirements, this study aimed to assess the effects of acepromazine-xylazine-diazepam-ketamine anesthesia, using the upper limit xylazine dose (1.6 mg/kg), on the left ventricular size and function in mules. Six healthy adult mules (18.83 ± 0.75 years; 263.83 ± 39.34 kg) were evaluated using standard two-dimensional and M-mode transthoracic echocardiography. Measurements were obtained before sedation (standing) and 13-min post-anesthetic induction (dorsal recumbency). Each mule received an intravenous injection of acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg), xylazine (1.6 mg/kg), diazepam (0.1 mg/kg), and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg). Key echocardiographic parameters included interventricular septum thickness (interventricular septum in diastole and interventricular septum in systole), left ventricular internal diameters (left ventricular internal diameter in diastole and left ventricular internal diameter in systole [LVIDs]), posterior wall thickness (left ventricular posterior wall in diastole and left ventricular posterior wall in systole), ejection fraction (EF), and fractional shortening (FS). Statistical comparisons were made using paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (p < 0.05). Heart rate, EF, and FS significantly decreased post-anesthesia (p < 0.01), indicating reduced systolic function. Specifically, LVIDs increased from 4.60 ± 0.65 cm to 6.26 ± 0.48 cm (p < 0.01), while no significant changes were observed in diastolic parameters or respiratory rate. Anesthetic induction was smooth and graded as good to excellent in all cases. High-dose xylazine significantly suppressed systolic cardiac function in anesthetized mules without causing arrhythmias or bradyarrhythmia. The combination protocol was effective and provided safe anesthesia induction, with echocardiography proving feasible under dorsal recumbency. These findings support the cautious use of upper-limit xylazine dosing in mules and suggest echocardiographic monitoring as a valuable tool during anesthesia.

The global ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry production has intensified the search for effective phytogenic alternatives. Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., commonly known as Javanese turmeric, exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant properties attributed to its bioactive compounds, including xanthorrhizol and curcumin. This study evaluated the potential of a novel adjuvant extract (adjuvant C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. [ACX]) derived from C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. to replace AGPs in broiler diets. This study aimed to assess the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of ACX and determine its efficacy as a growth-promoting feed additive in broiler chickens relative to AGPs. ACX was produced through double extraction of dried C. xanthorrhiza rhizomes and standardized for xanthorrhizol and curcuminoids using high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro assays determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration against Escherichia coli and Aspergillus flavus, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. A total of 420 Cobb CP707 broilers were allocated to seven dietary treatments, including a negative control, a virginiamycin-positive control, and five graded ACX concentrations (20–320 ppm). Growth performance, carcass traits, internal organ weights, digestive tract dimensions, and ileal microbiota were assessed over a 35-day feeding trial. ACX demonstrated antimicrobial activity (MIC = 80 μg/mL) and antioxidant potential (half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 57.3 μg/mL). Supplementing with 20 ppm ACX increased body weight by 7% and improved feed conversion ratio by 8% compared to control birds. Unlike AGPs, ACX supplementation did not increase feed intake, suggesting enhanced nutrient utilization. ACX also reduced abdominal fat and liver weight, with minimal impact on carcass yield or immune-related organs. Microbiota analysis revealed increased abundance of Firmicutes and decreased abundance of Proteobacteria in ACX- and AGP-fed groups, without disrupting microbial diversity. ACX supplementation at 20 ppm effectively enhanced broiler performance, reduced fat deposition, and modulated gut microbiota, offering a promising phytogenic alternative to AGPs. These findings support the integration of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. extract into poultry nutrition strategies aimed at sustainable production.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a significant pathogen in freshwater aquaculture, contributing to high morbidity and mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Conventional reliance on antibiotics raises concerns about resistance and environmental impact. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term fasting (1 or 2 days) on physiological, oxidative stress, and microbial responses in C. carpio infected with A. hydrophila. Sixty C. carpio were divided into four groups (n = 15): negative control (uninfected), positive control (infected), T1 (1-day fasting + infected), and T2 (2-day fasting + infected). Infections were induced by immersion in an A. hydrophila suspension (108 colony-forming units [CFU]/mL). Three days post-infection, blood was collected for glucose and hemoglobin analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in head kidney tissue were assessed as a marker of oxidative stress. Gut samples were analyzed for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) through standard plate counts. Statistical comparisons were made using a one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis tests (p < 0.05). The T2 group (2-day fasting) exhibited significantly better physiological responses than T1 and the positive control. Blood glucose levels in T2 (83.5 ± 1.71 mg/dL) were significantly lower than the positive control (127 ± 3.85 mg/dL), but within the normal range. Hemoglobin levels were highest in T2 (7.8 ± 0.27 g/dL), indicating preserved oxygen-carrying capacity. MDA levels, though not statistically different, were lowest in T2 (14.42 ± 0.60 mg/L), suggesting reduced oxidative stress. LAB counts were highest in T2 (1.69 × 109 CFU/g), indicating improved gut microbiota balance. A 2-day fasting regimen enhanced disease resistance in C. carpio by modulating glucose metabolism, preserving hematological integrity, reducing oxidative stress, and enriching beneficial gut microbiota. These findings support short-term fasting as a promising non-pharmacological strategy for managing bacterial infections in aquaculture, with the potential to reduce antibiotic dependence.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) zoonotic pathogen increasingly implicated in infections in both humans and animals, including avian species. Raptors, particularly peregrine falcons, are vulnerable due to their exposure to diverse environments and intensive management practices. This study aimed to identify P. aeruginosa isolates from peregrine falcons in Saudi Arabia and to characterize their genomic features, phylogenetic relationships, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Eighty cloacal swabs were collected from adult peregrine falcons showing clinical signs of gastrointestinal distress and housed in falconry facilities in Eastern Saudi Arabia between 2022 and 2024. Samples underwent bacteriological culture, biochemical identification using the Vitek 2 system, and WGS of a representative isolate. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, phylogenetic comparison, and resistance gene profiling were conducted using standard bioinformatic tools and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database and PubMLST databases. Sixteen isolates (20%) were confirmed as P. aeruginosa through biochemical identification and BLAST analysis. One representative isolate underwent WGS and revealed a 6.0 Mbp genome with close phylogenetic relatedness (92% bootstrap) to a human-derived P. aeruginosa strain (CP050326), with a 4% genetic divergence. The MLST profile included allele numbers acsA (23), aroE (29), guaA (1), mutL (3), nuoD (1), ppsA (15), and trpE (9). Resistance genes identified included β-lactamase PAO-type (blaPAO), Class D β-lactamase OXA-type (variants 485 and 488) (blaOXA-485/488), aminoglycoside 3′-phosphotransferase type IIb (aph(3′)-IIb), glutathione transferase FosA (fosA), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase type B7 (catB7), indicating MDR to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fosfomycin, and chloramphenicol. This is the first report of WGS-characterized, MDR P. aeruginosa in falcons from Saudi Arabia. The genomic similarity to human strains highlights the zoonotic potential and One Health implications. These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated AMR surveillance in wildlife, especially in regions with widespread falconry practices. WGS offers valuable molecular insights for pathogen tracking, resistance monitoring, and epidemiological risk assessment. Broader genomic surveillance across bird species and regions is necessary to guide control strategies and reduce the risks of zoonotic transmission.

Silage plays a pivotal role in ruminant nutrition, significantly influencing rumen fermentation, animal productivity, and environmental sustainability. Despite extensive research on silage and fermentation, a comprehensive synthesis of global trends and collaborations in this domain has not been systematically explored. This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis of global research on silage feed and its effects on rumen fermentation in ruminants. It sought to identify publication trends, leading contributors, research themes, and international collaboration networks, thereby informing future directions in ruminant nutrition research. A total of 1,007 documents published between 1961 and 2024 were retrieved from the Scopus database using targeted keywords. Bibliometric and network analyses were performed using VOSviewer, Bibliometrix (R package), and Microsoft Excel. Inclusion criteria were limited to peer-reviewed English-language articles focused on silage feed and rumen fermentation in ruminants. Data cleaning and preprocessing involved harmonization of author names, keywords, and institutional affiliations. Publication output has increased significantly since 2010, with China, the United States, and Canada emerging as the top contributors. Major research themes include silage quality, microbial fermentation, methane mitigation, and feed efficiency. Core journals identified include Journal of Dairy Science and Journal of Animal Science. Leading institutions such as China Agricultural University and the University of Florida demonstrated high productivity and citation impact. Keyword analysis highlighted emerging trends, including microbiome, methanogenesis, and sustainability. Collaboration network analysis revealed strong regional clusters, with North America and Europe forming central hubs, while Asia and South America showed growing but less integrated networks. Research on silage and rumen fermentation has evolved from foundational studies to interdisciplinary approaches integrating microbiology, environmental science, and precision agriculture. The field is rapidly expanding, with increasing emphasis on reducing methane emissions and enhancing livestock performance through improved silage practices. However, global collaboration remains fragmented, particularly in underrepresented regions. Future research should focus on metagenomics, smart technologies (e.g., Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things), and policy-driven strategies to optimize feed systems and support sustainable livestock production.

Gastrointestinal nematode infections have a significant impact on the health and productivity of sheep worldwide. Conventional anthelmintics are facing rising resistance, prompting the need for alternative control strategies. Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), a traditionally used antiparasitic herb in Latvia, has shown in vitro efficacy but lacks in vivo delivery validation. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antiparasitic efficacy and safety of T. vulgare extract administered through novel intraruminal boluses and granules in naturally infected sheep. Thirty female Latvian Darkhead lambs (4–5 months; mean 35 ± 0.8 kg) were randomly assigned to five groups: Two bolus groups (A and B), one granule group, and two controls (negative and positive). Groups A and B received intraruminal boluses with different lyophilized extract formulations, the granule group received powdered T. vulgare mixed with feed, and the positive control received levamisole. Fecal egg counts (FECs), clinical signs, and hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed over 56 days. Disintegration testing simulated rumen conditions. No adverse clinical or physiological effects were observed. Bolus groups exhibited a more rapid and consistent reduction in strongylid FECs compared to the granule and negative control groups. On day 56, egg counts decreased to 325–358 eggs per gram (EPG) in bolus and granule groups, compared to 533 EPG in the negative control. Hematological and biochemical parameters remained within reference ranges. T. vulgare extract administered through intraruminal bolus was safe, sustained animal health, and effectively reduced gastrointestinal nematode burden. Granules were less effective, potentially due to reduced palatability. Bolus-based phytotherapy may serve as a sustainable, prophylactic alternative to conventional anthelmintics.

Hematological parameters are critical indicators of health and physiological status in goats. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of location, feeding regimen, age, and body condition score (BCS) on hematological parameters in Creole goats reared under extensive systems on the southern coast of Peru and to establish context-specific reference values. A total of 111 multiparous goats from nine herds were assessed. Red blood cell (RBC) (RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin [HGB], mean corpuscular volume [MCV], mean corpuscular hemoglobin [MCH], and MCH concentration [MCHC]) and white blood cell (WBC) (WBC, lymphocytes, monocytes [MON], neutrophils [NEU], and eosinophils [EOS]) parameters were determined using a veterinary hematology analyzer. Robust linear regression models with MM-estimation were applied, with model selection based on Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and root mean square error. Correlation analyses and hierarchical clustering were also performed to explore inter-parameter relationships. Significant interindividual variation was noted, particularly among leukocyte indices (EOS, MON, NEU; coefficient of variation >50%). In contrast, MCH and MCV exhibited low variability. The geographic location was not statistically significant, suggesting environmental homogeneity across the sites. Dietary composition and BCS significantly influenced several hematological indices. Goats with higher BCS and mixed alfalfa-residue diets exhibited increased HGB and RBC counts, whereas younger goats showed higher MCHC values. Predictive equations were generated to estimate hematological values under specific management conditions. This study highlights the relevance of age, nutritional status, and body condition in modulating hematological values in Creole goats. The derived models and reference values can inform localized diagnostic criteria and enhance decision-making in goat health management under extensive systems. Future studies should incorporate seasonal, sex-based, and longitudinal analyses to refine predictive accuracy.

The global rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae poses a serious threat to human and animal health. Close proximity between humans and domestic animals may facilitate zoonotic transmission of MDR strains, underscoring the need for integrated surveillance strategies. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity, resistance mechanisms, and virulence gene profiles of K. pneumoniae isolates from domestic animals and humans in Mato Grosso, Brazil, within the One Health framework. A total of 48 clinical isolates (33 from animals and 15 from humans) were analyzed. Identification was confirmed through 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using disk diffusion (animal isolates) and minimum inhibitory concentration (human isolates). Resistance (blakpc-2 and blaNDM) and virulence genes (entB, fimH, wabG, ugE, etc.) were detected through polymerase chain reaction. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on seven housekeeping genes, and sequence types (STs) were assigned using the Pasteur Institute database (Paris, France). MDR phenotypes were found in 70.83% (34/48) of isolates – 78.78% of animal and 53% of human samples. Virulence genes were present in 77.08% of isolates; entB was the most prevalent (60.61%). The blakpc-2 gene was found in three human isolates, and blaNDM was found in one human and one bovine isolate. MLST revealed 39 STs, including 9 novel ones. Clonal complexes (CC)258 (human), CC15 (animal), and CC147 (both species) indicated potential interspecies transmission. This study provides the first comprehensive molecular epidemiological snapshot of K. pneumoniae in domestic animals and humans in Mato Grosso. The discovery of shared clonal complexes and high MDR rates demands urgent cross-sectoral surveillance and control strategies under the One Health approach.

Rising global temperatures and increasing humidity levels are intensifying the risk of heat stress (HS) in high-yielding dairy cattle. The temperature–humidity index (THI) is a standard metric for evaluating thermal stress in livestock. This study aimed to assess seasonal and diurnal variations in temperature, relative humidity, and THI within a milking parlor and determine their compliance with established thermal comfort thresholds for dairy cows. The study was conducted in a glass-roofed, windowless milking parlor housing 400 Holstein–Friesian cows in Bulgaria. Microclimatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, and THI) were measured during three daily milking sessions (morning, noon, and evening) at 3 time points (start, middle, and end) over a 12-month period. Measurements were taken inside the parlor and 10 m outside. Statistical analysis involved one-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests using STATISTICA version 10. Summer and spring exhibited the highest mean and peak temperatures (up to 31.4 °C), while winter showed the highest relative humidity (82.39%). THI values peaked in summer, reaching levels classified as “danger” for dairy cows. Morning milking generally recorded lower temperatures and THI. Seasonal variation significantly influenced all microclimatic indicators (p < 0.001), while milking sequence significantly affected temperature and THI (p < 0.05). In-parlor thermal conditions, especially during summer, exceeded comfort thresholds and posed a risk for HS. The study underscores the urgent need to revise livestock housing regulations to include THI-specific standards for milking parlors. Incorporating real-time microclimatic monitoring can enhance animal welfare and productivity in dairy systems.

Primiparous sows are particularly vulnerable to prolonged weaning-to-service interval (WSI), which negatively impacts reproductive efficiency and farm profitability. This study aimed to identify critical risk factors associated with prolonged WSI (>6 days) in first-parity Landrace × Yorkshire sows raised under tropical conditions. A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using production records from 3,222 sows on a commercial farm in Central Vietnam. Data on age at first artificial insemination, age at first farrowing (AFF), lactation length (LL), litter size at weaning (LSW), number born alive (NBA), and litter birth weight (LBW) were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of prolonged WSI. Prolonged WSI was observed in 34.6% of sows. Multivariate analysis identified three significant predictors: (1) Early AFF (302–360 days) was associated with higher odds of prolonged WSI compared to older age groups (odds ratio [OR] range: 0.38–0.51, p < 0.001). (2) Short LL (12–22 days) increased WSI risk, while LL of 25–26 days had the lowest risk (OR = 0.39, p < 0.001). (3) Higher LSW (≥12 piglets) was positively associated with prolonged WSI (OR = 1.41–1.63, p < 0.05). NBA and LBW were not significantly associated with prolonged WSI. Early AFF, shorter LL, and larger LSW are key risk factors for prolonged WSI. Management practices that optimize gilt development (target AFF >360 days), extend lactation to ~25 days, and avoid excessive LSW (>11 piglets) may reduce WSI and enhance reproductive performance under tropical conditions.

Probiotic viability remains a critical challenge during gastrointestinal (GI) transit, storage, and feed processing. Conventional encapsulation materials often fail under acidic and thermal stress. This study aimed to develop and characterize a novel, eco-friendly microencapsulation system using Ficus pumila (FP) seed extract as a natural encapsulating matrix for Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (LP) WU2502, enhancing its functional resilience and storage stability. Microcapsules containing LP and FP were formulated through ionic gelation using calcium chloride. Physicochemical properties were assessed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). Functional evaluations included encapsulation efficiency (EE), swelling kinetics, controlled release in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, stress tolerance (acid, bile, enzymes, thermal), and viability during 60-day storage at 4°C and 25°C. The LP/FP microcapsules demonstrated high EE (80.5%) and spherical morphology (~200 μm). FTIR confirmed the presence of ionic and hydrogen bonding in the matrix. The system exhibited pH-responsive swelling and controlled release, reaching 89.17% cumulative release in intestinal fluid. Encapsulated cells showed significantly improved tolerance to acidic pH, bile salts, digestive enzymes, and heat compared to free cells (p < 0.05). After 60 days, the viability of encapsulated cells remained above 60% at both storage temperatures, while free cell viability dropped by over 85%. FP seed extract offers a biodegradable, plant-derived alternative for probiotic encapsulation. The developed LP/FP system effectively enhances probiotic survival under GI and thermal stress and during extended storage. These results support its application as a sustainable delivery platform for animal feed and functional food formulations.

The global shift toward antibiotic-free poultry production necessitates sustainable alternatives to conventional growth promoters. Hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) from plants have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, and gut-modulatory effects, making them promising feed additives. However, reliance on imported tannins from temperate species limits access for tropical producers, especially in Thailand. This study aimed to systematically evaluate locally available Thai plant species as alternative sources of HTs for poultry feed, with a focus on their biological activities, economic feasibility, and practical integration potential. A systematic literature search (2020–2024) was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Thai citation index. Studies assessing Thai plant-derived HTs and their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and gut health effects were included in the study. A total of 21 studies covering 24 plant species were analyzed. Data extraction included tannin type, target microbes, experimental outcomes, and yield/economic feasibility, assessed through a validated scoring system. Gallic and ellagic acids were the predominant bioactive compounds reported. HT-rich extracts demonstrated strong antimicrobial effects against 19 pathogenic bacterial species and enhanced the growth of beneficial gut microbiota, including Lactobacillus spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Manihot esculenta (cassava) and Senna siamea (Siamese cassia) emerged as top candidates based on both bioactivity and economic feasibility. In vivo studies, although limited, supported their positive impact on gut health in broilers. Thai HT-rich plants, particularly cassava and Siamese cassia, show strong potential as sustainable feed additives in poultry production. These species offer dual benefits: antimicrobial and gut-modulatory effects and reduced reliance on expensive imported tannins. However, more standardized extraction protocols and large-scale in vivo trials are essential to validate efficacy, optimize dosage, and ensure feed safety.

Antibiotic resistance poses a growing threat to wound management in veterinary medicine. Blue light phototherapy has emerged as a non-antibiotic bactericidal alternative with additional benefits for wound healing. However, its effectiveness in clinical veterinary contexts remains inadequately explored. This study evaluated the bactericidal efficacy of 465-nm blue light against standard pathogens and bacteria isolated from infected canine wounds, aiming to determine optimal energy doses for clinical use. Three standard bacterial strains – Staphylococcus aureus (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) – along with five clinical isolates from canine wounds, were exposed to 465-nm blue light at energy doses of 28, 56, and 112 J/cm2 (15, 30, and 60 min, respectively). Colony-forming units (CFUs) were quantified post-irradiation and compared to non-irradiated controls. Statistical significance was assessed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) exhibited significant, dose-dependent inhibition at all energy doses, resulting in reductions of 36.3%, 60.5%, and 82.8%. Clinical P. aeruginosa isolates demonstrated 21.1% and 78.8% inhibition at 56 and 112 J/cm2, respectively (p < 0.05). E. coli (ATCC 25922) was significantly inhibited only at 112 J/cm2 (46.4% reduction, p = 0.045). No significant reductions were observed for S. aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, clinical E. coli, or Enterococcus faecalis at any dose. Blue light at 465-nm exhibits selective bactericidal activity, effectively inhibiting P. aeruginosa and E. coli (ATCC), with efficacy dependent on bacterial species and applied energy dose. Its limited effect on other pathogens underscores the importance of species-specific treatment planning. Higher energy doses (112 J/cm2) may be required in unknown or mixed infections. Further investigation is recommended to refine device specifications and assess clinical utility in veterinary settings.

The leptin (LEP) gene plays a pivotal role in regulating growth, metabolism, and fat deposition in cattle. Genetic polymorphisms in this gene can influence phenotypic traits and may serve as molecular markers for selection in breeding programs. However, comprehensive characterization of LEP gene variants in local Indonesian breeds, such as Madura cattle, remains limited. This study aimed to identify novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within exon 2 of the bovine LEP gene and assess their association with growth traits in Madura cattle. Forty-five Madura cows (aged 2–4 years) were phenotypically evaluated for body weight (BW), wither height (WH), body length (BL), chest girth (CG), hip height (HH), head length (HL), and head width (HW). Genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by Sanger sequencing. Detected SNPs were analyzed for genotype and allele frequencies, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), and their associations with growth traits using a general linear model. Three SNPs were identified in exon 2 of the LEP gene: c.126T>C (synonymous), c.148T>C (missense), and a novel missense SNP c.149G>A, resulting in a cysteine to tyrosine substitution at amino acid position 50. The c.149G>A SNP showed polymorphism with three genotypes (GG, GA, AA), and the heterozygous GA genotype had the highest frequency (64.4%). This SNP deviated from HWE (p < 0.05), indicating potential selection pressure or population structure effects. While no statistically significant associations were found between genotypes and growth traits (p > 0.05), the AA genotype showed the highest mean values across most body measurements. Although the novel c.149G>A SNP was not significantly associated with growth traits, its polymorphic nature and descriptive trait patterns suggest it may have biological relevance. Larger-scale studies are recommended to validate its utility as a genetic marker for growth and development in Madura cattle.

Porcine follicular fluid (pFF) is frequently used to mimic the follicular microenvironment during in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes. However, the influence of oxidative stress levels within pFF on oocyte quality and embryo development remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate how varying oxidative stress index (OSI) of pFF affect porcine oocyte meiotic progression, fertilization, and embryonic development during IVM. Oocytes were matured in IVM media supplemented with 30% pFF classified into low (OSI 19), medium (OSI 22), and high (OSI 25) oxidative stress groups, based on the ratio of diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites to biological antioxidant potential. Post-IVM, oocytes were assessed for meiotic stage, DNA fragmentation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH) levels. Fertilization and embryo development outcomes were monitored following in vitro fertilization and culture. The OSI 19 group showed significantly higher maturation to the metaphase II stage and improved fertilization and blastocyst formation rates compared to OSI 22 and OSI 25 groups (p < 0.05). ROS and GSH levels were also significantly elevated in OSI 19 oocytes, without an increase in DNA fragmentation. Blastocysts from the OSI 25 group exhibited significantly higher DNA fragmentation index than those from the OSI 19 group (p < 0.05). The OSI of pFF modulates porcine oocyte competence and embryonic outcomes. Lower OSI is associated with enhanced antioxidant balance, meiotic maturation, and embryo quality. Monitoring pFF oxidative status may improve assisted reproductive outcomes in swine.

Low birth weight and within-litter variations are major challenges in swine production, often exacerbated by highly prolific sow lines. Nutritional interventions such as amino acid and probiotic supplementation have shown promise, but their combined effects remain unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of Bacillus subtilis QST 713 and L-arginine supplementation during late gestation on reproductive performance in sows. A randomized trial was conducted on 247 Landrace × Yorkshire sows allocated to four dietary groups from day 85 of gestation to farrowing: (1) Basal diet (control), (2) basal diet + B. subtilis, (3) basal diet + L-arginine, and (4) basal diet + both supplements. Reproductive outcomes–including individual birth weight (IBW), total litter birth weight (TBW), born-alive birth weight (NBABW), proportion of runt (<1.1 kg) and large piglets (>1.5 kg), and within-litter coefficient of variation in birth weight [CVBW])–were assessed. Linear and generalized linear mixed models were used for analysis. Co-supplementation with B. subtilis and L-arginine significantly increased IBW (1434.7 g vs. 1310.0 g, p < 0.001), TBW (19.6 kg vs. 16.9 kg, p < 0.001), NBABW (18.1 kg vs. 15.9 kg, p = 0.006), and the proportion of large piglets (33.7% vs. 19.5%, p = 0.0002), while reducing runt piglet incidence (4.0% vs. 14.4%, p < 0.001). Neither supplement alone produced significant improvements. No treatment significantly affected litter size, CVBW, stillbirth, or mummification rates. Co-supplementation of sows with B. subtilis and L-arginine during late gestation produces synergistic impro-vements in piglet birth weight and litter quality. This strategy offers a practical and cost-effective approach to enhance swine reproductive efficiency.

The global demand for efficient poultry production necessitates alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a novel four-component organic-mineral feed additive (OMFA), comprising lactulose, arginine, ultrafine silicon dioxide particles, and succinic acid, and a three-component variant (without lactulose) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, elemental tissue composition, and the cecal microbiota of Arbor Acres broiler chickens. One hundred and five one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into three groups: Control, Group I (four-component OMFA), and Group II (three-component OMFA). Growth metrics were recorded weekly over a 42-day period. Nutrient digestibility was assessed through balance experiments, while elemental tissue composition was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cecal microbiota profiling was conducted using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing on the MiSeq platform. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Group I showed an 11.2% increase in body weight gain and a 9.6% reduction in feed conversion ratio compared to controls (p = 0.074; p = 0.063). Group II demonstrated superior weight gain (17.9%) but incurred a 3.6% increase in feed costs. Digestibility of crude fat and protein improved significantly in Group II (p = 0.037). Elemental analysis indicated that lactulose supplementation enhanced the accumulation of magnesium, calcium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, and chromium in muscle tissue. Microbiota analysis revealed that Group I increased Ruminococcaceae abundance and suppressed Pseudobdellovibrionaceae, while Group II favored the proliferation of Helicobacteraceae, Rikenellaceae, and Bacteroidaceae. Both OMFA formulations enhanced productivity and modulated gut microbiota. The four-component OMFA improved feed efficiency and mineral deposition, while the three-component version elicited greater weight gains. These findings support the incorporation of OMFA as a strategic tool in antibiotic-free poultry production. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the metabolic interactions among additive components and their long-term effects on gut health and performance.

Bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus of major economic importance, affects domestic and wild ruminants globally and is primarily transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. The virus is endemic in many regions, yet limited data are available for Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of BTV antibodies in cattle, goats, sheep, and camels across two ecologically distinct regions in central Saudi Arabia and to assess species- and region-specific risk profiles. A total of 1,194 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy livestock (280 cattle, 159 camels, 429 sheep, and 326 goats) in Riyadh and Al-Qassim between October 2023 and March 2024. Samples were tested for BTV antibodies using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis included Chi-square tests and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals to compare prevalence rates between species and regions. The overall BTV seroprevalence was 44.6% (533/1,194). Goats had the highest prevalence (59.8%), followed by cattle (51%), sheep (36.3%), and camels (22.6%). In Riyadh, cattle (55.7%) and goats (55%) showed the highest rates, while in Al-Qassim, goats (65.7%) were most affected. Camels consistently showed the lowest seroprevalence (18.6%–25%). Statistically significant differences in seroprevalence were observed among species and between regions (p < 0.05). BTV is endemic in central Saudi Arabia, with substantial species and regional variability. Goats and cattle are at higher risk, indicating a need for species-targeted surveillance and vector control. The findings support the implementation of national bluetongue monitoring strategies and lay the groundwork for future molecular and longitudinal studies.

Male cat sterilization is often neglected in feline population control strategies due to cultural beliefs, logistical barriers, and misconceptions, especially in developing urban areas. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a veterinary-led, community-based intervention in Malang, Indonesia, to promote male cat sterilization, improve owner compliance, and explore sociocultural influences on participation. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among owners of non-pedigree male cats (6 months to 5 years old) in the Greater Malang area. Data were collected through a validated online questionnaire asse-ssing demographic characteristics, sterilization readiness, compliance behavior, and sociocultural perceptions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression, while open-ended responses underwent thematic analysis. Out of 182 potential respondents, 99 met the inclusion criteria and proceeded with the intervention. A 99% compliance rate was achieved (98/99), supported by strong community engagement and clear procedural guidelines. Education level, previous pet ownership, and affiliation with animal welfare organizations had a significant influence on compliance (p < 0.05). Barriers for non-compliant individuals included scheduling conflicts, financial constraints, and surgical apprehension. Thematic analysis revealed that cultural beliefs about masculinity and religious ambiguity were common deterrents, but community outreach and peer influence effectively shifted perceptions. This study demonstrates that structured, culturally attuned, veterinary-led community interventions can achieve high compliance in male cat sterilization. Strategic partnerships with local organizations, transparent communication, and logistical support are key to success. Findings support the integration of such programs into broader One Health initia-tives, emphasizing responsible pet ownership, zoonotic disease mitigation, and sustainable management of urban animal populations.

Indonesia’s indigenous Kacang goat population is in decline, posing a threat to food security and genetic diversity. In vitro maturation and cryopreservation techniques are key strategies for genetic conservation. However, heat shock stress during cryopreservation can compromise oocyte viability. This study evaluates the post-warming quality of Kacang goat oocytes exposed to different cryoprotectants. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of a modified cryoprotectant (30% ethylene glycol + 1M sucrose) with a commercial cryoprotectant in preserving post-warming oocyte quality, based on maturation rates and biomarker levels (heat shock protein 70 [HSP70], adenosine triphosphate [ATP], and glutathione [GSH]). Oocytes were collected from goat ovaries and matured in vitro for 22 h. They were divided into three groups: Control (no vitrification), commercial cryoprotectant (T1), and modified cryoprotectant (T2). Post-warming quality was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify HSP70, ATP, and GSH levels. Statistical analysis included one-way analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation (p < 0.05). Maturation rates were comparable across groups (control group [CG]: 84.3%, T1: 79.8%, T2: 77.2%; p > 0.05). HSP70 levels were significantly elevated in T2 compared to CG (p < 0.05). T2 also showed significantly higher ATP (52.13 ± 7.7 ng/mL) and GSH (1.27 ± 0.66 ng/mL) levels compared to T1 (ATP: 25.65 ± 1.63; GSH: 0.06 ± 0.01 ng/mL; p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between ATP and GSH (p = 0.014). The modified cryoprotectant formulation offered superior protection against cryo-induced stress, maintaining higher ATP, GSH, and HSP70 levels post-warming. This formulation holds promise for improving oocyte cryopreservation protocols and conserving the genetic resources of the Kacang goat. Further studies should assess long-term developmental outcomes.

Arsenic exposure remains a critical global health concern, with growing evidence linking it to significant kidney dysfunction. This review examines the underlying mechanisms of arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and programmed cell death, which collectively contribute to damage in the glomeruli and renal tubules. Chronic exposure is associated with proteinuria, renal impairment, and an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Emerging biomarkers such as β2-microglobulin, kidney injury molecule-1, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin have shown promise in detecting arsenic-related renal damage earlier and with greater specificity than traditional markers like serum creatinine. Preventive strategies – such as advanced water purification systems and antioxidant supplementation with agents such as vitamin C, selenium, and curcumin – alongside public health policies targeting arsenic monitoring and regulation, are essential to mitigate exposure risks. Continued research into diagnostic and therapeutic innovations is crucial for reducing the burden of arsenic-induced kidney disease. A deeper understanding of arsenic’s nephrotoxic pathways will support global efforts to protect renal health and strengthen environmental health initiatives.