Vet World Vol.14 November-2021 Article-29
Research Article
Veterinary World, 14(11): 3065-3075
https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.3065-3075
In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
2. Medical Doctor Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.
3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jln. Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.
Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM.
Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.
Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. Keywords: 6-paradol, detoxifying enzyme, electron microscopy, Pediculus humanus capitis, permethrin, resistance.
Keywords: 6-paradol, detoxifying enzyme, electron microscopy, Pediculus humanus capitis, permethrin, resistance.
How to cite this article: Subahar R, Susanto L, Aidilla R, Aulia AP, Yulhasri Y, Winita R, Lubis NS, Sari IP (2021) In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice, Veterinary World, 14(11): 3065-3075.
Received: 13-07-2021 Accepted: 20-10-2021 Published online: 30-11-2021
Corresponding author: Rizal Subahar E-mail: subaharizal@yahoo.com
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3065-3075
Copyright: Subahar, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.