Avian influenza in birds: Insights from a comprehensive review

IJOH Vol.17 November-2024 Article - 14

Review Article

Veterinary World, 17(11): 2544-2555

https://doi.org/10.14202/IJOH.2024.2544-2555

Siti Rani Ayuti^1,2, Aswin Rafif Khairullah³, Mirni Lamid⁴, Mohammad Anam Al-Arif⁴, Sunaryo Hadi Warsito⁴, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen⁵, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses⁶, Intan Permatasari Hermawan⁷, Sheila Marty Yanestria⁸, Mira Delima⁹, Teuku Reza Ferasyi^10,11, and Suhita Aryaloka^1,2

1. Doctoral Program of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
2. Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia.
3. Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.
4. Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
5. Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
6. Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
7. Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
8. Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
9. Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
10. Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
11. Center for Tropical Veterinary Studies, One Health Collaboration Center, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia.
12. Master Program of Veterinary Agribusiness, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.

One of the worst zoonotic illnesses, avian influenza (AI), or commonly referred to as bird flu, is caused by viruses belonging to the genus Influenza viruses, which are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The harmful effects of AI illness can affect both human and animal health and cause financial losses. Globally, the AI virus lacks political purpose and is not limited by geographical limits. It has been isolated from poultry, wild birds, and captive birds in Asia, North America, Europe, Australia, and South America. Their virulence is divided into highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) and low pathogenic AI (LPAI). The AI virus can also be diagnosed in a laboratory setting using molecular tests like real-time polymerase chain reaction or serological tests like the hemagglutinin inhibition test, agar gel immunodiffusion, antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and other immunoassays. The type of AI virus and host species determines the clinical manifestations, severity, and fatality rates of AI. Human infection with AI viruses typically results from direct transmission from infected birds to humans. AI outbreaks in domestic and wild birds are uncommon; however, an infection can pose a significant threat to public, veterinary, and medical health. Successful vaccination reduces the probability of AI H5N1 virus infection in meat and other poultry products and prevents systemic infection in chickens. This review will provide information that can be used as a reference for recognizing the dangers of AI and for preventing and controlling the disease, considering its potential to become a serious pandemic outbreak.

Keywords: avian influenza, disease, human health, poultry, virus.

How to cite this article: Ayuti SR, Khairullah AR, Lamid M, Al-Arif MA, Warsito SH, Silaen OSM, Moses IB, Hermawan IP, Yanestria SM, Delima M, Ferasyi TR, and Aryaloka S (2024) Avian influenza in birds: Insights from a comprehensive review, Veterinary World, 17(11):2544-2555.

Received: 2024-04-22 Accepted: 2024-10-09 Published online: 2024-11-13

Corresponding author: Mirni Lamid E-mail: mirnylamid@fkh.unair.ac.id

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.2544-2555

Copyright: Ayuti, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.