Prevalence, risk factors, and zoonotic implications of gastrointestinal parasites in urban cats in Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional multicity study

Vet World Vol.18 June-2025 Article - 32

Research Article

Veterinary World, 18(6): 1748-1758

https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.1748-1758

Lyudmila A. Lider¹, Vladimir Kiyan², Dinara M. Seitkamzina¹, Altay Ussenbayev¹, Botakoz E. Akmambaeva¹, Rabiga S. Uakhit², Nellya E. Mannapova¹, Igor Sytnik¹, and Christian Bauer^1,3

1. Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro-Technical Research University, 010011, Astana, Kazakhstan.

2. Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan.

3. Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.

Background and Aim: Cats act as reservoirs for various gastrointestinal parasites, including species of significant zoonotic concern such as Toxocara cati, Toxoplasma gondii, and Giardia intestinalis. However, data on the prevalence and risk factors associated with feline endoparasites in Kazakhstan remain limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, species diversity, and risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections in urban cat populations across five major cities in Kazakhstan, thereby supporting the One Health framework for the prevention of zoonotic diseases.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 2023 to January 2025, involving 1,301 fecal samples collected from both client-owned and stray cats in Almaty, Astana, Oral, Qostanai, and Shymkent. Standardized Sheather’s sugar flotation was used to detect helminth eggs and coccidia oocysts in all samples, while Giardia coproantigen was assessed in 1,256 samples using a commercial immunochromatographic assay (FASTest® CRYPTO-GIARDIA strip test kit, MEGACOR, Austria). Prevalence differences across categories – ownership status, sex, age class, and city – were evaluated using the Chi-squared test, and odds ratios (OR) were calculated to identify significant risk factors.

Results: Overall, 17.7% (230/1,301) of cats were infected with at least one intestinal parasite species. The most prevalent species were Cystoisospora felis (7.2%), T. cati (6.2%), Cystoisospora rivolta (2.0%), and Giardia (6.4%). T. gondii-like oocysts (T. gondii or Hammondia hammondi) were detected in 0.6% of samples. Significant variation in parasite prevalence was observed among cities. Stray cats were significantly more likely to harbor C. felis and C. rivolta. Female cats had higher odds of testing positive for Giardia (OR = 1.8). Infections with T. cati, C. felis, and Giardia showed a significant association with age, with kittens (<6 months) being approximately twice as likely to test positive for these parasites compared to adult cats.

Conclusion: This study represents the first comprehensive assessment of gastrointestinal parasitism in urban cats in Kazakhstan. The detection of zoonotic parasites and identification of significant demographic risk factors underscore the need for enhanced public health strategies, including educational outreach, targeted deworming protocols, and environmental hygiene measures. Future molecular investigations are necessary to differentiate T. gondii from Hammondia hammondi and to genotype Giardia assemblages. Soil surveillance in public spaces is also recommended to assess environmental contamination and potential exposure risk to humans, particularly children.

Keywords: coproantigen detection, Cystoisospora felis, Cystoisospora rivolta, fecal flotation, feline endoparasites, gastrointestinal parasitism, Giardia duodenalis, helminths, Kazakhstan, One Health, public health risk, risk factors, stray versus owned cats, Toxocara cati, Toxoplasma gondii-like coccidia, urban cats, zoonotic parasites.

How to cite this article: Lider LA, Kiyan V, Seitkamzina DM, Ussenbayev A, Akmambaeva BE, Uakhit RS, Mannapova NE, Sytnik I, and Bauer C (2025) Prevalence, risk factors, and zoonotic implications of gastrointestinal parasites in urban cats in Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional multicity study, Veterinary World, 18(6): 1748-1758.

Received: 19-03-2025 Accepted: 03-06-2025 Published online: 27-06-2025

Corresponding author: Christian Bauer E-mail: bauer.eisern@gmail.com

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.1748-1758

Copyright: Lider, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.