Vet World   Vol.18   October-2025  Article - 12 

Bluetongue in ruminants: Global epidemiology, pathogenesis, and advances in diagnostic and control strategies within a One Health framework

Siti Rani Ayuti^1,2 , Aswin Rafif Khairullah³ , Mirni Lamid⁴ , Sunaryo Hadi Warsito⁴ , Mohammad Anam Al Arif⁴ , Eun Joong Kim⁵ , Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses⁶ , Sangsu Shin⁵ , Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani⁷ , Wasito Wasito³ , Andi Thafida Khalisa⁸ , and Riza Zainuddin Ahmad³

Background and Aim: Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants, caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), and transmitted primarily by Culicoides midges. The virus has at least 28 known serotypes and several emerg­ing strains, with its distribution expanding beyond traditional endemic zones due to climate change and global trade. This review summarizes recent developments in the epidemiology, molecular characterization, diagnostics, vaccines, and con­trol of BT, with an emphasis on its implications within the One Health framework. A comprehensive literature search cov­ering studies from 2000 to 2025 revealed significant outbreaks in Europe (2024–2025) involving BTV-3 and BTV-12, as well as the emergence of novel serotypes in Asia and Africa. Global economic losses exceed USD 3 billion annually due to mortality, production losses, and trade restrictions. Advances in molecular diagnostics, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, whole-genome sequencing, and rapid field assays like loop-mediated isothermal amplification and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats -based platforms, have improved surveillance and serotype identification. Although vaccination remains the cornerstone of BT control, current live and inactivated vaccines are lim­ited by serotype specificity and reassortment risks, highlighting the need for new-generation virus-like particle, recombi­nant, DNA, and mRNA-based vaccines. Persistent challenges include the absence of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals -compatible polyvalent vaccines, incomplete knowledge of wildlife reservoirs, and uneven surveillance capacities worldwide. Strengthening integrated vector management, genomic monitoring, and climate-informed control strategies through a coordinated One Health approach will be vital to reduce the global burden of bluetongue.

Keywords: bluetongue virus, Culicoides vectors, diagnostics, epidemiology, livestock disease control, One Health, vaccination.

How to cite this article: Ayuti SR, Khairullah AR, Lamid M, Warsito SH, Al Arif MA, Kim EJ, Moses IB, Shin S, Wardhani BWK, Wasito W, Khalisa AT and Ahmad RZ (2025) Bluetongue in ruminants: Global epidemiology, pathogenesis, and advances in diagnostic and control strategies within a One Health framework, Veterinary World, 18(10): 3070-3093.

Received: 05-04-2025   Accepted: 22-09-2025   Published online: 20-10-2025

Corresponding author: Mohammad Anam Al Arif    E-mail: moh-a-a-a@fkh.unair.ac.id

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.3070-3093

Copyright: Ayuti, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.