Sheep farming is a vital component of Indonesia’s agricultural economy, where the demand for meat continues to rise. Indigenous Garut sheep are well-adapted to local environments and are known for their high reproduc­tive efficiency, but they have low growth rates. Conversely, Dorper sheep are renowned for their rapid growth and carcass quality, but they exhibit longer lambing intervals under tropical conditions. Crossbreeding offers a strategy to combine the strengths of both breeds. This study aimed to evaluate maternal reproductive performance and pre-weaning growth traits in purebred Dorper, Garut, and Dorper × Garut crossbred sheep under a commercial breeding system in Indonesia. A retrospective observational study was conducted on 1,744 ewes (1,498 Garut, 209 F1 Dorper × Garut, and 93 Dorper) and 3,248 lambs (2,846 F1 Dorper × Garut, 253 B1 backcrosses, and 149 Dorper) from a commercial enterprise in West Java. Data included lambing interval, litter size, birth weight, weaning weight, pre-weaning mortality, average daily gain (ADG), reproductive index, and productivity index. Statistical analyses employed one-way anal­ysis of variance with Duncan’s multiple range test for post hoc comparisons. F1 Dorper × Garut crossbred ewes demonstrated significantly shorter lambing intervals (206.65 ± 2.75 days) than pure Dorper (265.66 ± 1.14 days), comparable to Garut ewes (209.10 ± 1.08 days). However, Garut ewes had superior litter size (1.77 ± 0.18) relative to both crossbred (1.33 ± 0.04) and Dorper ewes (1.30 ± 0.42). In growth performance, Dorper lambs excelled in birth weight (3.35 ± 0.07 kg), weaning weight (23.93 ± 0.57 kg), and ADG (203.88 ± 4.65 g/day). F1 Dorper × Garut lambs showed significantly higher weaning weight (19.48 ± 0.35 kg) and ADG (165.34 ± 2.95 g/day) compared with Garut lambs (15.36 ± 0.10 kg; 130.47 ± 0.83 g/day). F1 Dorper × Garut crossbreeding synergizes Garut’s reproductive efficiency with Dorper’s growth performance, yielding crossbreds well-suited for tropical meat production. While Garut maintains a prolificacy advantage, F1 crossbreds deliver improved pre-weaning growth, supporting their use in commercial fattening programs. Maintaining pure Garut flocks for breeding and employing F1 crossbreds for production may enhance productivity and sustainability in Indonesia. Future research should assess carcass traits, multigenerational crossbreeding, and economic feasibility.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs world­wide, particularly in unvaccinated populations. Current therapeutic options are largely supportive, with no widely available effective antiviral treatment. Nanotechnology-based therapies, such as copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), have recently shown promise against a range of viral pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of CuNPs in naturally infected dogs with CDV and to assess their effects on hematological and biochemical parameters. A total of 28 mixed-breed dogs (aged 2–8 months) were enrolled between January and February 2024. Clinical suspicion of CDV was confirmed by rapid immunochromatographic testing and reverse transcription poly­merase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the N gene. Fifteen CDV-positive dogs received oral CuNPs (0.5 mg/kg, twice daily for 5 days), while five untreated CDV-positive dogs served as controls; five healthy dogs were also included as negative con­trols. Hematological and biochemical parameters were monitored before and after treatment. CuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and zeta potential analysis. CDV was detected in 65% (15/23) of clinically suspected dogs by RT-PCR. Treated dogs demonstrated marked improvement in clinical signs, with complete recovery in all non-neurological cases and a 75% recovery rate in neurological cases. Hematological analyses revealed significant increases (p < 0.05) in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, packed cell vol­ume, platelet count, white blood cell count, and lymphocyte count in CuNP-treated dogs compared with untreated controls. Serum biochemistry showed reductions in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, alongside improved albumin levels after treatment. No adverse effects were observed during or after therapy. CuNPs demonstrated significant antiviral activity and clinical benefit in dogs naturally infected with CDV. The findings suggest that CuNPs may represent a promising adjunctive therapy for canine distemper. However, larger controlled trials are warranted to validate efficacy, optimize dosing, and ensure long-term safety.

Cytology is a minimally invasive, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic tool widely used in veterinary medicine for evaluating a broad range of lesions. While extensively applied in clinical practice, large-scale epidemiological analyses of cytologic findings in canine populations are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of cytology in dogs in Portugal, assessing associations between lesion type, anatomical location, and demographic factors, and to identify patterns that can improve diagnostic utility in veterinary practice. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 12,671 cytological samples collected from canine patients between January 2010 and December 2016, submitted by 355 veterinary practices across mainland Portugal. Samples were categorized by anatomical location and diagnostic classification (neoplastic, inflammatory, non-neoplastic/non-inflammatory, and other). Demographic variables (sex, age, and breed) were recorded. Statistical analyses included non-parametric tests, logistic regression, and trend analyses to explore associations between diagnostic outcomes and study variables. The overall diagnostic yield was 69.03%, with the highest rates in fluid (80.21%), mucosal (77.08%), and glandular (75.78%) samples. Cutaneous/subcutaneous lesions, although the most frequent, had the lowest diagnostic yield (66.12%). Of diagnostic cases, 43.94% were neoplastic, with prevalence increasing significantly with age, from 17.75% in dogs ≤1 year to 54.75% in those >10–15 years (p < 0.001). Females were more likely to present epithelial and mesenchymal lesions, while males more frequently had round cell and melanocytic lesions. Breed analysis revealed no significant predispositions after statistical adjustment. Veterinary hospitals achieved higher diagnostic rates than clinics (p = 0.002). Non-diagnostic samples (30.97%) were primarily attributed to poor sample quality or insufficient cellularity. Cytology is a valuable first-line diagnostic modality in canine veterinary practice, particularly effective for fluid, mucosal, and glandular lesions. Lesion prevalence varies significantly with age and sex, highlighting the need for tailored diag­nostic considerations. Standardizing sample collection and preparation techniques, especially for anatomical sites with lower yields, could further improve diagnostic accuracy. While the absence of histopathological confirmation limits definitive clas­sification, the large dataset and standardized diagnostic review strengthen the reliability of findings. Integrating cytology into routine diagnostics can enhance early disease detection, guide treatment decisions, and support epidemiological surveillance.

Canine pancreatitis is often complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI) and systemic comorbidities, both of which may worsen clinical outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate survival rates in dogs with pancreatitis, stratified by the presence of AKI and other concurrent diseases, and to identify prognostic indicators for mortality. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Prasu Arthorn Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand, from February 2021 to February 2023. Medical records of 146 dogs diagnosed with pancreatitis (serum canine pancreatic lipase ≥400 μg/L and clinical signs) were reviewed. Dogs were categorized into four groups: Pancreatitis alone (n = 24), pancreatitis with AKI (n = 28), pancreatitis with concurrent diseases (n = 57), and pancreatitis with both AKI and concurrent diseases (n = 34). Survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank tests, while prognostic factors were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression. The overall mortality rate was 39.72% (58/146), with the highest mortality in dogs with AKI (Groups 2 and 4). Median survival was 4 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0–11.7) in Group 2 and 7 days (95% CI: 2.7–11.2) in Group 4, while median survival was not reached in Groups 1 and 3 due to high survival. Hematocrit (HCT) and blood urea nitro­gen-to-creatinine ratio (BCR) were identified as independent predictors of mortality. Lower HCT (Hazard ratio [HR] = 0.967, 95% CI: 0.941–0.994, p = 0.019) and higher BCR (HR = 1.024, 95% CI: 1.007–1.041, p = 0.006) were significantly associated with increased risk of death. AKI is a major negative prognostic factor in canine pancreatitis, markedly reducing survival irrespective of concurrent systemic diseases. Readily available markers, such as HCT and BCR, provide practical tools for early triage and prognostic stratification. Incorporating these parameters into clinical decision-making may enhance outcomes by guiding intensive monitoring and targeted interventions.

Donggala cattle (Bos indicus), indigenous to Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, are recognized for their pro­ductive and reproductive performance. However, molecular information on their genetic diversity is scarce. Understanding genetic variability is essential for sustainable conservation and targeted breeding strategies. This study aimed to charac­terize the genetic diversity and relationships of Donggala cattle using microsatellite markers and advanced multivariate analyses. Seventy-five blood samples were collected from unrelated Donggala cattle in Central Sulawesi. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified across ten Food and Agriculture Organization-recommended microsatellite loci. Allele frequency, observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity, and polymorphism information content (PIC) were calculated. Genetic distances and clustering were assessed using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Two- and three-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to visualize genetic differentiation, with comparative datasets from other Indonesian cattle breeds. High allelic diversity was detected, with SPS113 (12 alleles), ETH225 (11 alleles), and TGLA122 (9 alleles) being the most informative markers (PIC: 0.80–0.84). Ho was highest at ETH225 (0.95), reflecting substantial genetic variation. UPGMA and admixture analyses placed Donggala cattle closest to Pesisir cattle, though phenotypically more similar to larger B. indicus breeds such as Ongole Grade. The 3D PCA provided enhanced discriminatory power, distinctly separat­ing Donggala from exotic and crossbred cattle and differentiating Bali cattle from Banteng. AMOVA indicated that 22% of genetic variation existed among populations, while 21% was among individuals. Donggala cattle exhibit considerable genetic diversity, underscoring their value as a reservoir for breeding and conservation programs. Microsatellite markers, particularly SPS113, ETH225, and TGLA122, proved highly informative for genetic assessment. The application of 3D PCA enhanced resolution in distinguishing closely related breeds, supporting its use in molecular characterization. These findings provide essential baseline data for sustainable management, conserva­tion, and genetic improvement of Donggala cattle.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a leading cause of foodborne illness, with poultry products serving as major transmission routes. In sub-Saharan Africa, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence determi­nants remains limited. This study investigated the prevalence, AMR, and virulence gene profiles of NTS isolated from poultry products retailed in Arusha, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted between August and October 2023. A total of 240 samples (layer eggs and broiler meat) were collected from two wards in Arusha City using systematic random sampling. NTS isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and tested for susceptibility to 11 antimicrobial agents using the Kirby–Bauer method. Virulence (invA and stn) and resistance genes (tetA, tetB, blaTEM, blaCTXM, and blaSHV) were screened by PCR. Statistical associations were analyzed using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The overall prevalence of NTS was 23.3% (56/240). Layer eggs showed significantly higher contamination (20%) compared with broiler meat (3.3%) (OR = 10.0, 95% CI: 4.4–22.6, p < 0.001). Salmonella Typhimurium was the predomi­nant serotype. All isolates carried invA and stn genes. Alarmingly, 100% of isolates were resistant to imipenem (IMI), while resistance to ampicillin (58.9%) and tetracycline (41.1%) was also common. Multidrug resistance patterns were frequent, although resistance genes were detected at a low prevalence (tetA, 5.3%; blaTEM, 3.5%). The findings demonstrate a high prevalence of virulent and IMI-resistant S. Typhimurium in retail poultry prod­ucts in Arusha, particularly in eggs. These results highlight critical gaps in food safety regulation and antimicrobial steward­ship within the Tanzanian One Health framework. Further genomic studies are warranted to elucidate underlying resistance mechanisms and inform effective surveillance strategies.

Beef cattle production in Thailand is vital for food security and rural livelihoods, yet differences in farming systems raise concerns about animal welfare and health. This study aimed to evaluate the interactive effects of animal welfare and farming systems on cattle health outcomes, providing insights for sustainable smallholder production. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 farms in Phayao Province, categorized as exten­sive, semi-intensive, or intensive. Animal welfare was assessed using an adapted Welfare Quality protocol with 41 indica­tors across five domains. Health outcomes were obtained from farm records and direct observations. Statistical analyses included Kruskal–Wallis tests, Dunn’s post hoc tests, Spearman’s rank correlation, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance with principal coordinate analysis. Welfare scores differed significantly across systems, with intensive farms achieving the highest scores and extensive farms the lowest (p < 0.001). High-welfare farms showed reduced mortality, diarrhea, respiratory distress, bloating, para­sitic infestation, and injuries compared with low-welfare farms (p < 0.05). Body condition score was strongly associated with welfare level (ρ = 0.68, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed significant effects of welfare level (R2 = 0.1787, p < 0.001), farming system (R2 = 0.1382, p = 0.0003), and their interaction (R2 = 0.2151, p = 0.0004) on cattle health. Semi-intensive farms with moderate welfare levels showed the most consistent and stable health outcomes. Animal welfare and farming systems interact to shape cattle health outcomes in Northern Thailand. Moderate welfare levels in semi-intensive systems offered balanced and consistent improvements, highlighting a scalable model for smallholders. The findings emphasize the need for context-specific welfare interventions, policy integration, and capaci­ty-building initiatives to enhance both cattle health and farm sustainability.

Canine pyoderma is a common dermatological condition, often caused by Staphylococcus pseud­intermedius and related methicillin-resistant strains (MRSP and MRSS). Rising antimicrobial resistance necessitates alter­native topical therapies. This study comparatively evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of P. betel leaf extract (both solvent-based and nanoemulsion forms) and cannabidiol (CBD) formulations against canine Staphylococcus isolates. Antibacterial activity was determined by broth microdilution to establish minimum inhibitory con­centration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Five formulations were tested: Ethanolic betel leaf extract in dimethyl sulfoxide betel leaf (BL), BL extract nanoemulsion (BLN), CBD in ethanol, water-soluble CBD, and CBD nanoemul­sion. Test organisms included 15 Staphylococcus isolates (five MRSP, five methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius, and five MRSS) and five Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize phytochemical constituents. GC-MS revealed eugenol (40.86%) and hydroxychavicol (26.44%) as predominant antibacterial compounds. BL and BLN demonstrated potent anti-staphylococcal activity, with median MICs of 0.16 g/L and 0.31 g/L, respectively. BL exhibited significantly lower MIC and MBC values than BLN (p = 0.008). Among CBD formulations, ethanol-dissolved and water-sol­uble CBD displayed the strongest activity (median MICs 0.003 g/L and 0.004 g/L), while CBD nanoemulsion was markedly less effective (median MIC 7.50 g/L). BLN also exhibited antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa (median MIC 0.62 g/L), comparable to BL. The novel BLN and soluble CBD formulations demonstrated significant in vitro antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus isolates from canine pyoderma. These results highlight their potential as topical anti­septic alternatives to chlorhexidine. Further in vivo studies are required to assess safety, efficacy, and formulation optimiza­tion. A combined betel-CBD nanoemulsion represents a promising direction for developing novel veterinary dermatological therapies.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD), caused by the LSD virus (LSDV), results in severe economic losses, reduced productivity, and restricted livestock trade. Although live attenuated vaccines are available, they pose risks such as viral shedding, recombination, and reversion to virulence. Inactivated vaccines, being safer alternatives, are particularly suitable for disease-free regions. This study aimed to develop an inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccine using a local LSDV isolate and evaluate its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in rabbits. Scab samples were collected from clinically suspected LSD cases, and LSDV was isolated through the chorioallantoic membrane route in embryonated chicken eggs. The virus was adapted to Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, inactivated with binary ethyleneimine, and formulated with Montanide Immune System Activator 50 V2 adju­vant. Sterility and safety were evaluated in laboratory animals. Twenty-four rabbits were divided into three groups: Group A received the experimental inactivated vaccine intramuscularly, Group B received a commercial live attenuated vaccine sub­cutaneously, and Group C served as controls. Antibody responses were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization tests. A challenge study with a virulent local LSDV strain was conducted to evaluate protec­tive efficacy. The inactivated vaccine elicited robust antibody responses, with ELISA sample-to-positive ratios increasing from 4.3% at baseline to 166.6% on day 42, compared with 210.1% in the live vaccine group and 6% in controls. Neutralizing antibody titers ranged from 1:32 to 1:128 (mean 1:80) in the inactivated group, compared with 1:32–1:256 (mean 1:148) in the live vaccine group, both surpassing the protective threshold (≥1:16). Post-challenge, the inactivated vaccine conferred 86% vaccine efficacy, with only mild clinical signs observed in one rabbit, while the control group developed typical LSD symptoms. No adverse reactions were recorded in vaccinated animals. The experimental inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccine induced strong protective immunity in rabbits, compara­ble to the live attenuated vaccine but with an improved safety profile. Its inability to revert to virulence or transmit between animals makes it a promising candidate for large-scale use, especially in regions aiming to maintain disease-free status. Further evaluation in cattle under field conditions is warranted to confirm its long-term protective efficacy and potential for inclusion in control strategies.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affecting millions worldwide. Experimental models play a crucial role in understanding the pathophysiology of seizures and in developing novel antiepileptic therapies. This review summarizes the major experimental models of epilepsy, including chemically induced, electrically induced, and genetic approaches. The strengths, limitations, and translational relevance of each model are discussed with particular emphasis on their applicability to human epilepsy subtypes, such as generalized tonic–clonic and temporal lobe epilepsy. Advances in neuroimaging, omics technologies, and artificial intelligence-based analytics are highlighted for their potential to enhance model accuracy and predictive validity. Ethical considerations, including the principles of replacement, reduc­tion, and refinement, are also emphasized. By integrating classical models with emerging technologies, this review pro­vides a comprehensive framework to guide future research aimed at improving therapeutic strategies and bridging the gap between pre-clinical and clinical epilepsy research.

Zoonotic malaria poses an emerging challenge in Southeast Asia, where rapid urbanization and defor­estation increase human–wildlife interactions. Macaques are important natural reservoirs for Plasmodium species due to their evolutionary proximity to humans. Understanding host-specific immune responses to malaria in free-living macaques may aid biomarker discovery and guide surveillance strategies. This study aimed to characterize serum proteomic profiles in three wild macaque species, Macaca fascicularis (Mf), Macaca leonina (Ml), and Macaca arctoides (Ma), naturally infected with zoonotic Plasmodium spp., and to identify conserved proteins with biomarker potential. Blood samples from 61 macaques (25 Ml, 32 Ma, 4 Mf) were screened for Plasmodium species using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum proteomes were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, followed by bioinformatics-based differential protein expression analysis, pathway enrichment, gene ontol­ogy classification, and construction of protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. Comparative analyses were performed across species to identify conserved expression signatures. Nested PCR confirmed Plasmodium infections in 20.00% of Ml, 50.00% of Ma (34.78% zoonotic), and 100% of Mf samples. Proteomic profiling identified 9,525 serum proteins, of which 698 were differentially expressed across species. Thirty-six proteins formed robust PPI subnetworks linked to immune defense, apoptosis, DNA repair, calcium signaling, and cytoskeletal remodeling. Ml exhibited predominant protein upregulation, whereas Mf and Ma showed downregulation trends, indicating species-specific immune adaptations. Notably, six of nine previously reported malaria-associated proteins (including CARD domain-containing protein, interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 1, and non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) were consistently expressed across all species, supporting their potential as conserved biomarkers. Free-living macaques demonstrate distinct proteomic responses to Plasmodium infection, with Ml mounting a stronger immune response relative to Ma and Mf. The identification of conserved immune-related proteins highlights their translational potential as biomarkers for zoonotic malaria in humans. These findings advance the understanding of host–parasite interactions in natural macaque populations and provide a foundation for selecting optimal primate models, improving surveillance, and developing targeted interventions against zoonotic malaria.

Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants, caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), and transmitted primarily by Culicoides midges. The virus has at least 28 known serotypes and several emerg­ing strains, with its distribution expanding beyond traditional endemic zones due to climate change and global trade. This review summarizes recent developments in the epidemiology, molecular characterization, diagnostics, vaccines, and con­trol of BT, with an emphasis on its implications within the One Health framework. A comprehensive literature search cov­ering studies from 2000 to 2025 revealed significant outbreaks in Europe (2024–2025) involving BTV-3 and BTV-12, as well as the emergence of novel serotypes in Asia and Africa. Global economic losses exceed USD 3 billion annually due to mortality, production losses, and trade restrictions. Advances in molecular diagnostics, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, whole-genome sequencing, and rapid field assays like loop-mediated isothermal amplification and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats -based platforms, have improved surveillance and serotype identification. Although vaccination remains the cornerstone of BT control, current live and inactivated vaccines are lim­ited by serotype specificity and reassortment risks, highlighting the need for new-generation virus-like particle, recombi­nant, DNA, and mRNA-based vaccines. Persistent challenges include the absence of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals -compatible polyvalent vaccines, incomplete knowledge of wildlife reservoirs, and uneven surveillance capacities worldwide. Strengthening integrated vector management, genomic monitoring, and climate-informed control strategies through a coordinated One Health approach will be vital to reduce the global burden of bluetongue.

Citronella straw (Cymbopogon nardus L.), a byproduct of essential oil extraction, is rich in lignin there­fore poorly digestible, which limits its use as livestock feed. This study examined the impact of ammoniation and fungal fermentation using Pleurotus ostreatus, Trichoderma harzianum, and Aspergillus niger on the nutritional value, digestibility, and palatability of citronella straw for ruminants. Six treatments were evaluated in vitro with five replications: Ammoniated citronella straw (CsA), citronella straw fermented with P. ostreatus (CsFP), citronella straw fermented with A. niger, ammoniated and fermented with T. harzianum (CsAFTh), ammoniated and fermented with P. ostreatus (CsAFP), and ammoniated and fermented with A. niger. Samples were analyzed for proximate composition, fiber fractions, phenolic content, in vitro digestibility, and rumen fermentation parameters (pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and methane). Palatability of selected treatments (CsAFTh vs. CsAFP) was tested in 18 Ettawa goats (18 months; 22.4 ± 5.5 kg). The CsAFP significantly enhanced nutritive value, reducing acid detergent fiber (63.3% in CsA to 53.9%) and acid detergent lignin (15.7% in CsA to 11.4%), while increasing crude protein (9.1% vs. 6.4%–8.4%). Dry matter digestibility improved by 10%–12% (p < 0.0001). Rumen fermentation showed increased propionate, reduced acetate: propionate ratio, and CH4 reduction of 0.5 mmol/L. Palatability testing revealed higher voluntary feed intake for CsAFP (98 g at 360 min) compared with CsAFTh (36 g). CsAFP most effectively improved the nutritional quality, digestibility, and palatability of citronella straw. This strategy reduces lignin, enhances fiber utilization, shifts fermentation toward propionate, and decreases CH4 emission, supporting its potential as a sustainable feed for smallholder ruminant production. Further in vivo studies are warranted to confirm long-term performance, safety, and field applicability.

Escherichia coli strains producing Shiga toxins (stx1, stx2) are important zoonotic pathogens. Wild rats, common in urban environments with poor sanitation, may act as reservoirs and contribute to environmental contami­nation. This study aimed to detect Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in wild rats captured from slum-adjacent urban areas of Banyuwangi District, Indonesia. From August to October 2024, a total of 100 wild rats (32% Rattus norvegicus, 68% Rattus tane­zumi) were trapped in Kampung Mandar and Lateng Villages. Rectal swabs were collected and cultured on eosin methylene blue agar, followed by biochemical and sugar fermentation tests for preliminary identification. Molecular confirmation of E. coli was performed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting cydA and lacY. Confirmed isolates were further screened for stx1 and stx2 genes. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square tests. PCR confirmed E. coli in 57% (57/100) of rats. Among these, 47.36% (27/57) carried the stx1 gene, 7.01% (4/57) carried the stx2 gene, and 3.51% (2/57) harbored both genes. The prevalence of E. coli was significantly higher in R. tane­zumi than in R. norvegicus (p = 0.000), but toxin gene distribution showed no significant differences across species, sex, or locations. This study provides the first molecular evidence of wild rats in Banyuwangi carrying E. coli strains harboring stx1 and stx2 genes. The findings highlight the role of urban rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic STEC and underline the need for routine monitoring, improved waste management, and integrated One Health strategies to mitigate zoonotic transmission risks in high-density urban environments.

Manchurian quails are valued in commercial poultry farming for their early meat maturity, rapid generational turnover, and high egg-laying potential. However, concerns over antibiotic use in feed have heightened inter­est in sustainable alternatives such as phytobiotics. Despite evidence supporting phytogenic feed additives, limited studies have examined their effects in Manchurian quails under multiphase feeding regimens. This study evaluated the effects of phytobiotic-enriched, extruded feeds (BioFeed-P) across three feeding phases (“Starter,” “Grower,” and “Layer”) on growth performance, egg productivity, and product quality in Manchurian quails. A total of 1600 1-day-old quails were randomly allocated into experimental group (EG) and con­trol group (CG) at two commercial farms (JEBE; Zhailybayev Experimental Breeding Enterprise and ECO-KO; Ecological Cooperative Kazakhstan Organization)in Kazakhstan. EG received phytobiotic-enriched multiphase feeds, whereas CG was provided standard commercial diets. Growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survivability, and egg production were mea­sured over a 90-day period. Product quality was assessed by analyzing egg morphology, chemical composition, and mineral profiles. Statistical analyses included the Student’s t-test, correlation analysis, and determination of effect size. Quails in EG showed significantly higher body weight gain (186.3 g vs. 135.3 g; relative gain 415.5% vs. 297.5%; p = 0.003, Cohen’s d = 1.12) and improved FCR (2.05 vs. 2.45; p = 0.001). Egg-laying intensity was greater in EG at both ECO-KO (64.4% vs. 41.3%; p = 0.004) and JEBE (69.0% vs. 40.0%; p = 0.003). Egg morphology showed modest changes: Heavier albumen, reduced shell weight, and lighter yolk pigmentation. Chemical analyses revealed slight decreases in pro­tein and fat fractions accompanied by minor increases in carbohydrate and ash content, while the mineral composition remained stable. Mortality was lower in EG (3.8% vs. 7.7%), with no adverse health effects. Phytobiotic-enriched multiphase feeds significantly enhance growth efficiency and reproductive output in Manchurian quails without compromising mineral egg quality. These findings support phytobiotics as sustainable alter­natives to antibiotics in commercial quail farming. Future research should include long-term reproductive assessments, economic cost–benefit analyses, and molecular studies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace mineral for poultry, supporting skeletal development, metabo­lism, and intestinal health. Conventional inorganic Mn sources often have low bioavailability, leading to oversupplementa­tion, environmental excretion, and mineral imbalance. Mn nanoparticles (Mn-NP) offer improved absorption and reduced environmental burden, but their graded effects on broiler growth, intestinal morphology, meat quality, and tight junction proteins remain underexplored. This study evaluated the impact of dietary Mn-NP supplementation on productive perfor­mance, serum metabolites, jejunal architecture, and intestinal barrier function in broilers. A total of 240-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 40; 4 replicates of 10 birds) and fed a basal diet (control), bulk Mn (80 mg/kg), or Mn-NP at 20, 40, 60, or 80 mg/kg for 35 days. Growth performance, visceral organ development, serum biochemistry, meat physicochemical attributes, jejunal morphology, and messenger RNA expression of claudin-5 (CLDN-5) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were evaluated. Mn-NP supplementation did not significantly alter body weight or feed intake. However, the 40-Mn-NP group showed improved feed conversion ratio during weeks 2 and 3 compared with the 80-Mn-NP group. The gizzard weight decreased significantly at 40-Mn-NP, while bulk Mn increased cecal weight. Serum metabolites, including liver and kidney markers, remained unaffected across treatments, indicating no toxicity. Muscle pH45min was higher in 20- and 40-Mn-NP groups, while pH24 was reduced in the 40-Mn-NP and bulk Mn groups. Birds supplemented with 80-Mn-NP exhibited larger muscle fibers, whereas the 20-Mn-NP group showed higher fiber density. Jejunal villi were longer and crypts deeper in the 20-Mn-NP group, while tight junction proteins (CLDN-5, ZO-1) were significantly upregulated in the 60-Mn-NP group. Mn-NP supplementation at 40–60 mg/kg optimally enhanced feed efficiency, jejunal morphology, and intesti­nal barrier integrity without adverse health effects. These findings highlight Mn-NP as a sustainable alternative to conven­tional Mn supplementation, improving gut health and meat quality while reducing mineral excretion. Future studies should validate long-term safety and commercial-scale applications.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in poultry poses a critical threat to food safety and public health. While studies have assessed resistance at the farm level, limited attention has been given to informal market envi­ronments that connect animals, humans, and surfaces. This study applied a One Health triangulation sampling approach to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of E. coli isolated from broiler chickens and associ­ated environments in traditional markets in Aceh Besar District and Banda Aceh City, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three traditional markets (Lambaro, Al-Mahirah, and Seutui). A total of 174 samples were collected, comprising fecal swabs (n = 54), chicken meat swabs (n = 54), poultry sellers’ hand swabs (n = 48), and chicken display table swabs (n = 18). Isolation of E. coli was performed using culture and biochem­ical confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against 11 antibiotics commonly used in veterinary and human medicine. Overall, E. coli was isolated from 31.03% (54/174) of samples. Contamination was highest in fecal samples (13.79%), followed by chicken meat (8.62%), sellers’ hands (4.60%), and display tables (4.02%). Market-level prevalence was highest at Al-Mahirah (13.2%), followed by Lambaro (11.49%) and Seutui (6.32%). All isolates exhibited MDR phenotypes. Resistance was uniformly high to erythromycin (100%), tetracycline (94.6%), ampicillin (87.0%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (83.3%), while lower resistance was observed to ciprofloxacin (23.8%) and gentamicin (20.2%). Distinct variation in resis­tance profiles was observed between markets and sample types. Traditional poultry markets represent critical hotspots for AMR dissemination at the human–animal–environment interface. Findings highlight the combined influence of unregulated antibiotic use in poultry production and inadequate hygiene practices on sustaining MDR E. coli. The triangulated One Health design demonstrates the added value of integrat­ing animal, human, and environmental sampling for AMR surveillance. Strengthening antimicrobial stewardship, upgrading market hygiene infrastructure, and expanding integrated surveillance into national AMR monitoring frameworks are essen­tial steps to mitigate public health risks.

Veterinary biobanking advances translational research, companion animal health, and the ethical reuse of samples. Its success depends on public engagement and the pet owners’ willingness to contribute biological sam­ples. However, awareness and attitudes toward veterinary biobanking remain largely unexplored in the Baltic region. This study aimed to assess Latvian pet owners’ awareness, willingness to donate, motivations, and concerns regarding veterinary biobanking, and to identify demographic and professional factors influencing participation. A cross-sectional online survey was distributed through social media and veterinary clinics across Latvia between April and May 2025. The questionnaire included 49 items covering awareness, willingness to donate, moti­vations, concerns, and demographics. Data from 164 pet owners were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square tests with Bonferroni correction, and logistic regression. Only 22% of respondents had prior awareness of veterinary biobanks. Despite this, 76% were willing to donate samples if their pet was seriously ill, and 67% even if their pet was healthy. Motivations included altruism (helping other animals), supporting veterinary research, and potential treatment benefits for their own pets. Key concerns centered on confidentiality (91%), the right to withdraw samples (60%), and control of sample use (45%). Professional background was significantly associated with both awareness (p = 0.0004) and willingness to donate (p = 0.0013). Logistic regression con­firmed that respondents in medical or veterinary professions were more likely to support donation (odds ratio = 3.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.54–7.12, p = 0.002). No significant associations were found with age, gender, education, or religion. This first Baltic survey reveals that Latvian pet owners strongly support veterinary biobanking despite limited awareness. Altruism and the expected benefits of research drive participation, while ethical expectations regarding confi­dentiality, consent, and transparency remain crucial. The findings provide a foundation for developing national veterinary biobanking strategies, improving public communication, and integrating Latvia into European One Health and translational research infrastructures.

The rapid expansion of Thailand’s pet industry has influenced dog owners’ purchasing behaviors and feeding practices, with potential implications for canine health. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus are increasingly recognized in companion animals, yet the links between diet and these conditions remain underexplored in emerging pet markets. This study aimed to assess the purchas­ing and feeding behaviors of Thai dog owners, their knowledge of canine nutrition, and the association between diet type and NCD occurrence. Data were collected between October 2023 and September 2024 using two survey approaches: An online questionnaire completed by 411 dog owners across Thailand and face-to-face interviews with 201 owners at Chulalongkorn University’s Small Animal Teaching Hospital. A total of 612 valid responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regression to identify risk factors for NCDs. Owners prioritized palatability, price, and brand when purchasing food, relying primarily on personal research over veterinary advice. Of respondents, 211 fed commercial diets (valued for convenience and nutritional balance), whereas 190 preferred homemade diets, often lacking supplementation. Mixed feeding was common and carried the highest NCD risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.783; 95% confidence interval: 1.173–2.710; p = 0.007). Among 169 diagnosed cases, obesity was most prevalent (70.4%), followed by cardiovascular disease (40.2%), renal disease (23.1%), and diabetes mellitus (8.9%). Age was significantly associated with renal and cardiovascular disease, while breed predisposed small dogs to heart disease. Only 35.2% of homemade diets were nutritionally balanced. Diet type is strongly linked to NCD occurrence, with mixed commercial–homemade feeding posing the greatest risk. Obesity emerged as the most common NCD, with age and breed further influencing disease susceptibility. Knowledge gaps in nutrition and limited veterinary involvement highlight the urgent need for structured educational programs and national guidelines. Within a One Health framework, improving canine feeding practices not only enhances pet welfare but also supports broader household and public health.