Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. has emerged as a critical global health challenge affecting both human and animal populations. The widespread use of antibiotics in food-producing animals for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting purposes has accelerated the selection and dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes throughout the food chain. Animal-origin foods, including meat, milk, eggs, and fish, serve as important vehicles for the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms and AMR genes to humans, repre­senting a significant One Health concern. This review provides an overview of the occurrence, molecular mechanisms, and transmission pathways of AMR in E. coli and Salmonella isolated from animal-derived foods. Common resistance determi­nants include β-lactamase genes (blaTEM and blaCTX-M), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA and tetB), and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, which facilitate horizontal gene transfer through plasmids, integrons, and transposons. Global surveillance reports from World Health Organization’s Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, European Food Safety Authority, and World Organization for Animal Health reveal significant regional disparities, with limited monitoring capacity in Central Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Data from Kazakhstan indicate a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella in poultry, dairy, and cheese products, underscoring the urgent need for harmonized national sur­veillance and risk management strategies. The review also discusses alternative approaches to reduce antibiotic use in livestock production, including bacteriophage therapy, probiotics, phytogenic feed additives, vaccination, and nanotech­nology-based interventions. While these strategies show promising results in laboratory and pilot studies, their practical application remains constrained by regulatory, economic, and field validation challenges. An integrated One Health strategy, combining surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and non-antibiotic interventions, is crucial to mitigating the dissemina­tion of AMR along the farm-to-fork continuum. Strengthening laboratory networks, enhancing data sharing, and promoting collaboration among veterinary, environmental, and public health sectors will be crucial to safeguard food safety and global health security.

Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) serve as valuable comparative models for human breast cancer (HBC) owing to their shared biological and molecular features. However, well-defined cell lines representing the luminal B subtype remain limited. This study aimed to establish and characterize a novel CMT cell line, designated CMT-622, to expand available in vitro models for luminal B breast cancer research. Primary tumor tissue was collected from an 11-year-old female dog diagnosed with high-grade mammary carcinoma (T3N1M0). Tumor cells were isolated using enzymatic digestion and differential adhesion. Morphological, cytogenetic, and immunophenotypic characteristics were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin staining, immu­nohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Growth kinetics, clonogenicity, and chromosomal analyses were performed, and tumorigenicity was evaluated through xenograft assays in nude mice. Drug sensitivity and apoptosis were compared with two existing CMT lines (CMT-1211 and CMT-n7) using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK)-8 assay and flow cytometry. CMT-622 cells maintained stable proliferation beyond 40 passages with a doubling time of 46.23 h and >15% clon­ing efficiency. Karyotyping revealed hyperdiploidy (80–110 chromosomes; modal = 87). Immunohistochemistry and immu­nofluorescence confirmed estrogen receptor (+), progesterone receptor (–), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (weak +) expression, consistent with a luminal B phenotype. Co-expression of cytokeratin-18 and vimentin indicated a par­tial epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) state. In nude mice, CMT-622 exhibited moderate tumorigenicity and pulmo­nary metastasis. The line showed intermediate osthole sensitivity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 50.48 μM) and an apoptosis rate of 21%, between CMT-1211 and CMT-n7, indicating balanced proliferative and drug-responsive behavior. CMT-622 represents a newly established luminal B CMT cell line with stable growth, EMT plasticity, and mod­erate drug sensitivity, reflecting clinically relevant tumor aggressiveness. Its molecular and phenotypic consistency across in vitro and in vivo models underscores its reliability for translational oncology applications. CMT-622 provides a robust pre­clinical platform for exploring tumorigenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic responses in both veterinary and HBC contexts, bridging comparative and translational cancer research.

Acanthamoeba spp. is free-living protozoa capable of causing severe infections, notably Acanthamoeba keratitis, which is difficult to manage due to cyst resistance and the cytotoxicity of current treatments. Plant-derived com­pounds represent a promising alternative strategy. This study investigated the amoebicidal, anti-adhesive, and cytotoxic properties of Mangifera indica L. (mango) leaf extract against ocularly relevant Acanthamoeba spp. Crude ethanolic leaf extract of M. indica was prepared and evaluated against Acanthamoeba polyphaga American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 30461 and Acanthamoeba castellanii ATCC 50739. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum parasiticidal concentration were determined for trophozoites and cysts. Morphological changes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anti-adhesion assays were conducted using polystyrene surfaces, with a commercial multipurpose contact lens (CL) solution as a control. Cytotoxicity was tested in Vero cells using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide assay to establish the minimum cytotoxic concentration. The extract inhibited trophozoite growth at 2 mg/mL and demonstrated cysticidal activity at 4 mg/mL for A. polyph­aga and 32 mg/mL for A. castellanii. SEM revealed disruption of trophozoite morphology, loss of acanthopodia, and sur­face perforations in cysts. At MIC levels, adhesion was reduced by >70%, and even at 1/8 MIC, inhibition remained above 50%, comparable to a commercial multipurpose solution. Cytotoxicity assessment showed >80% Vero cell viability at 0.125 mg/mL, indicating a favorable therapeutic window. This is the first report demonstrating amoebicidal and anti-adhesive effects of M. indica L. leaf extract against ocular Acanthamoeba species. The dual trophozoiticidal and anti-adhesive actions, combined with low cytotoxicity, high­light its potential for development as a plant-based therapeutic agent, particularly in ocular formulations or CL disinfectants. Future work should focus on phytochemical isolation, mechanistic studies, and novel delivery systems to enhance efficacy and safety.

Mitigating enteric methane emissions in ruminants remains a global challenge in achieving sustain­able livestock production. Although seaweed supplementation has shown promising results, most research has focused on temperate species, leaving tropical species underexplored. This study investigated the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of two tropical seaweeds, brown seaweed (Sargassum binderi) and green seaweed (Kappaphycus striatum), as potential functional feed additives for ruminants. The proximate composition, macro- and micro-minerals were determined using Association of Official Analytical Chemists and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry methods. In vitro digestibility of dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) was evaluated using the Tilley and Terry two-stage technique. Rumen fermentation characteristics, pH, ammonia (NH3), and total volatile fatty acids (VFA), were analyzed after 48 h of incubation. Amino acids and fatty acids were profiled using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–flame ionization detection, respectively, while bioactive metabolites were identified through liquid chro­matography–high-resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics. Green seaweed exhibited a higher crude protein content (7.52%) and digestibility (DMD = 73.56%; OMD = 72.71%) than brown seaweed (6.84%; 46.38%; 44.99%). VFA production (136.75–151.75 mM) and NH3 concentrations (22.21–26.78 mM) differed significantly (p < 0.01) between species, while pH remained within the optimal range (7.00–7.21). Both seaweeds contained balanced essential and non-essential amino acid profiles and abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids, notably linoleic, α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid. Metabolomic screening identified ~85 bioactive compounds, including lipid-derived metabolites, amino alcohols, vitamins, and osmolytes such as betaine and cholecalciferol, indicating their potential to modulate rumen fermentation and enhance animal resilience. Both S. binderi and K. striatum demonstrated promising nutritional and bioactive potential as ruminant feed additives. Their compositional diversity suggests species-specific applications – S. binderi as an energy-dense supplement and K. striatum as a functional additive for stress adaptation. However, further in vivo trials are necessary to determine optimal inclusion levels, long-term safety, and methane mitigation efficacy under production conditions.

Zoonotic intestinal parasites remain a neglected public health problem in low-resource coastal com­munities where humans, free-roaming dogs, and contaminated environments interact closely. Cartagena, Colombia, lacks updated epidemiological data on intestinal parasitosis despite its high tourist influx and vulnerable populations. This study applied a One Health framework to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in humans, dogs, and soil in two coastal regions of Cartagena (La Boquilla and Punta Arenas) and to identify associated risk factors and clinical manifestations. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March 2024 and March 2025. Stool samples from 33 residents and 42 dogs were analyzed by direct microscopy with saline and Lugol’s solutions, while 78 soil samples were assessed using the Krumbein, Sloss, and Willis techniques. Dogs suspected of Dirofilaria spp. infection were additionally screened by the Woo test. Sociodemographic data, nutritional status, and clinical information were collected. Statistical analyses included descriptive tests, Chi-square/Fisher’s tests, logistic regression, and odds ratio (OR) estimation at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Soil samples showed high contamination with Toxocara spp. (46.2%), Strongyloides spp. (28%), and Ancylostoma spp. (25.7%). Among humans, 60.97% were positive for parasites, with Giardia spp. (15.15%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (12.12%), Ascaris lumbricoides (12.12%), and Enterobius vermicularis (12.12%) being the most frequent. In dogs, 33.33% carried intestinal parasites, predominantly Ancylostoma spp. (14.29%) and Giardia spp. (7.14%). Clinical manifestations in humans included loss of appetite, cough, dermatitis, and weight loss, while dogs frequently presented with pallor, dermato­logical lesions, and gastrointestinal signs. Logistic regression analysis indicated that a lack of canine deworming significantly increased the risk of human parasitic infections (OR: 3.80; 95% confidence interval: 0.98–14.66; p = 0.048). This One Health investigation highlights significant zoonotic risk from shared parasitic infections in humans, dogs, and contaminated soils in Cartagena’s coastal regions. The lack of systematic deworming and vaccination in dogs, poor sanitation, and close human–dog contact amplify transmission. Strengths of this study include its integrative human–ani­mal–environment approach, while limitations involve modest sample size and lack of molecular genotyping. Future work should apply molecular epidemiology to confirm cross-species transmission. Practical implications emphasize the urgent need for mass deworming campaigns, improved waste management, vector control, and public health education to reduce zoonotic intestinal parasite burden in vulnerable coastal communities.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan responsible for reproductive losses in sheep and significant zoonotic transmission to humans. Despite its known presence in Algeria, regional epidemiological data remain inconsistent. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and identify associated risk factors among aborted ewes in Tebessa Province, northeastern Algeria, within a One Health framework. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from September 2019 to October 2020 across three communes (Tlidjen, Al Ater, and Negrine). Serum samples (n = 297) were collected from recently aborted Ouled Djellal ewes aged 2–5 years. Anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G antibodies were detected using the Toxo-Screen DA direct agglutination test at a 1:40 dilution. Risk factors, including location, parity, gestational stage, farming system, and presence of carnivores, were analyzed by χ² tests and multivariate logistic regression using R v4.0.3. The overall seroprevalence was 48.48% (144/297). Significant differences were observed across communes (Tlidjen 59.03%, Al Ater 42.72%, Negrine 30.00%; p < 0.001). Higher prevalence was recorded in sedentary (58.54%) than transhumant (26.09%) systems (odds ratio [OR] = 5.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.83–9.85; p < 0.001) and in farms with carnivores (63.31% vs. 28.91%; OR = 2.90; p < 0.001). Multiparous ewes were less likely to be seropositive than primiparous ones (OR = 0.55; p = 0.047). No significant association was found for gestation stage (OR = 1.58; p = 0.111). The high seroprevalence of T. gondii in aborted ewes indicates active environmental transmission and considerable reproductive and zoonotic risks in Tebessa. Strengthened farm biosecurity, feline population management, and public awareness of meat hygiene are urgently needed. Integrating veterinary, environmental, and public health surveillance will improve toxoplasmosis control within the One Health framework.

Duck circovirus (DuCV) is an immunosuppressive pathogen linked to poor growth, feather abnormalities, and increased susceptibility to co-infections, leading to significant economic losses in duck production. Rapid and large-scale serological screening tools are essential for epidemiological surveillance and biosecurity. This study aimed to develop and validate an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on a recombinant capsid (Cap) protein for sensitive and specific detection of antibodies against DuCV. The cap gene from a Thai DuCV genotype I isolate was cloned into the pQE-31 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli M15. The 27 kDa recombinant Cap protein was purified under denaturing conditions, and its antigenicity was confirmed by Western blotting. The iELISA was optimized by checkerboard titration to determine the optimal antigen coating concentration and serum dilution. Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and agreement with Western blotting were assessed using 80 positive, 103 negative, and 189 field serum samples. The optimized iELISA used 12 μg/well of antigen and a 1:20 serum dilution, producing the highest positive-to-negative optical density ratio. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.996, with 97.5% sensitivity and 98.1% specificity. No cross-reactivity was detected with sera positive for duck Tembusu virus, duck viral enteritis virus, or Riemerella anatipestifer. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were below 6.5% and 9.1%, respectively. Diagnostic agreement with Western blotting across 189 field sera was 91.0%, with a Cohen’s kappa of 0.752, indicating substantial concordance. The developed recombinant Cap-based iELISA provides a reliable, specific, and reproducible tool for large-scale DuCV serosurveillance. Its high diagnostic accuracy and scalability support its application in flock-level monitoring, pre-movement screening, and epidemiological studies, facilitating improved biosecurity and informed disease control strategies within the duck industry.

The gut microbiota of broilers plays a pivotal role in nutrient absorption, immune modulation, and mineral metabolism. Feed additives can influence these microbial and physiological processes, yet their integrated effects remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to intelligently evaluate the impact of various feed additives on the intestinal microbiota and mineral composition of broiler chickens and to develop machine learning (ML) models for clustering and classification of diet-associated mineral and microbial profiles. A total of 385 Arbor Acres broilers (7 days old) were allocated into 11 groups, including one control semi-synthetic diet (SSD), one group with a semi-synthetic deficient diet (SSDD), and nine experimental groups receiving SSDD with different additives: Probiotics (Soya-bifidum and Sporobacterin), dietary fibers (cellulose, lactulose, and chitosan), enterosorbents (enterosgel and activated carbon), and ultrafine particles (UFPs) (Cu and Fe). Microbiota composition was assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, and body mineral composition was determined through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. To overcome data scarcity, synthetic records were generated using conditional tabular generative adversarial networks. K-means and hierarchical agglomerative clustering were used for mineral profile grouping, while logistic regression, SVM, and decision tree models classified diet types. Hierarchical clustering revealed six distinct mineral profile groups (Silhouette = 0.524), with SSD and SSDD forming separate clusters. Feed additives such as UFPs, chitosan, and activated carbon induced similar mineral patterns. Key differentiating biomarkers were cobalt, zinc, strontium, arsenic, and lithium (p < 0.05). The decision tree classifier achieved 74% accuracy in predicting diet types based on microbiota data. Alpha diversity analysis showed enhanced microbial richness in groups fed lactulose, enterosgel, cellulose, or activated carbon. ML effectively elucidated complex relationships between diet, microbiota composition, and mineral metabolism in broilers. The integration of clustering and predictive models demonstrates the feasibility of intelligent feeding systems tailored to optimize gut health and nutrient utilization. Future studies integrating multi-omics data and broader farm-level validation will strengthen precision nutrition frameworks for sustainable poultry production.