Vet World   Vol.18   October-2025  Article - 2 

Copper nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic approach for canine distemper virus: Clinical, hematological, and biochemical evidence from naturally infected dogs

Background and Aim: Canine distemper virus (CDV) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs world­wide, particularly in unvaccinated populations. Current therapeutic options are largely supportive, with no widely available effective antiviral treatment. Nanotechnology-based therapies, such as copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), have recently shown promise against a range of viral pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of CuNPs in naturally infected dogs with CDV and to assess their effects on hematological and biochemical parameters.

Materials and Methods: A total of 28 mixed-breed dogs (aged 2–8 months) were enrolled between January and February 2024. Clinical suspicion of CDV was confirmed by rapid immunochromatographic testing and reverse transcription poly­merase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the N gene. Fifteen CDV-positive dogs received oral CuNPs (0.5 mg/kg, twice daily for 5 days), while five untreated CDV-positive dogs served as controls; five healthy dogs were also included as negative con­trols. Hematological and biochemical parameters were monitored before and after treatment. CuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and zeta potential analysis.

Results: CDV was detected in 65% (15/23) of clinically suspected dogs by RT-PCR. Treated dogs demonstrated marked improvement in clinical signs, with complete recovery in all non-neurological cases and a 75% recovery rate in neurological cases. Hematological analyses revealed significant increases (p < 0.05) in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, packed cell vol­ume, platelet count, white blood cell count, and lymphocyte count in CuNP-treated dogs compared with untreated controls. Serum biochemistry showed reductions in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, alongside improved albumin levels after treatment. No adverse effects were observed during or after therapy.

Conclusion: CuNPs demonstrated significant antiviral activity and clinical benefit in dogs naturally infected with CDV. The findings suggest that CuNPs may represent a promising adjunctive therapy for canine distemper. However, larger controlled trials are warranted to validate efficacy, optimize dosing, and ensure long-term safety.

Keywords: antiviral therapy, biochemistry, canine distemper virus, copper nanoparticles, hematology, nanomedicine, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

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How to cite this article: Aldujaily AH, Salman DB, Hassoon KF and Bustani GS (2025) Copper nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic approach for canine distemper virus: Clinical, hematological, and biochemical evidence from naturally infected dogs, Veterinary World, 18(10): 2945-2954.

Received: 30-05-2025   Accepted: 28-08-2025   Published online: 08-10-2025

Corresponding author: Ghadeer Sabah Bustani    E-mail: bustani@iunajaf.edu.iq

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.2945-2954

Copyright: Aldujaily, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.