Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major One Health threat driven by inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) in humans, animals, and the environment. Poultry production is recognized as a key reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, yet few studies in Kenya examine AMU and AMR across interconnected human–animal–environment domains. This study assessed AMU patterns among poultry farmers in Kiambu County and characterized phenotypic resistance in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolated from humans, chickens, and chicken environments.  A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 2024, involving 102 poultry farms. Farm demographics and AMU data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Archived E. coli (n = 92) and Enterococcus spp. (n = 101) isolates from chicken handlers’ hands, chickens, and environmental samples were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer method per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2024 guidelines. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including logistic regression with false discovery rate correction, were used to assess associations between AMU and phenotypic resistance.  Macrolides (69%), tetracyclines (48%), and sulfonamides (21%) were the most commonly used antimicrobials; 7% of farms reported colistin use. Among E. coli isolates, resistance was highest to ampicillin (77%), tetracycline (72%), and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (49%), with 35% exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR). No carbapenem resistance was detected. Enterococcus isolates showed high erythromycin resistance (61%) and moderate ciprofloxacin resistance (26%), with 6.9% exhibiting MDR; no vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were observed. Penicillin use strongly predicted ampicillin resistance in both organisms, whereas sulfonamide use was associated with reduced trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole resistance. Macrolide use did not correlate with erythromycin resistance.  High AMU in poultry farming, particularly of macrolides, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides, has created significant selection pressure, contributing to MDR emergence across One Health interfaces. Detection of resistance in humans, poultry, and shared environments underscores the bidirectional risk of AMR transmission. Strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, regulation of critically important antimicrobials, and enhanced farm hygiene are essential to mitigate AMR. These findings directly support Kenya’s Vision 2030 and SDGs targeting health, responsible production, and environmental protection. 

Propranolol is a widely used non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker in human medicine, with well-characterized pharmacokinetics (PK) in humans but virtually no data available for pigs, a species of growing biomedical relevance. Furthermore, no validated bioanalytical methods exist for propranolol or its primary metabolite, 4-hydroxypropranolol, in porcine matrices. This study aimed to develop and validate a rapid, sensitive, and reliable liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in pig plasma and dried blood spots (DBS), and to apply it in a preliminary PK investigation in pigs.  Sample preparation involved simple protein precipitation (plasma) or solvent extraction (DBS) using acetonitrile–water mixtures, followed by chromatographic separation on a Bridged ethyl hybrid C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm; 4-min run). Detection was performed in Multiple reaction monitoring mode with propranolol-d7 as the internal standard. Validation followed EMA ICH M10 guidelines, assessing linearity, accuracy, precision, matrix effects, recovery, and stability. The method was then applied to plasma samples from five juvenile female pigs receiving oral propranolol (3 mg/kg, q8 h).  The method demonstrated excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99) and acceptable accuracy and precision (±15%) across 2–500 ng/mL (propranolol) and 1–400 ng/mL (4-hydroxypropranolol). Recoveries ranged from 83% to 116% (plasma) and 81%–113% (DBS), with no matrix interference or carry-over. In vivo PK data revealed rapid absorption (Tmax 1.14 ± 0.63 h), moderate elimination (t½ 2.19 ± 0.86 h), and a mean Cmax of 112.02 ± 81.87 ng/mL. Notably, 4-hydroxypropranolol was undetectable in all plasma samples, suggesting species-specific metabolic differences.  This study reports the first validated LC–MS/MS assay for propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol in pigs and demonstrates its successful application in a PK study. The method’s simplicity, short runtime, and compatibility with DBS microsampling make it ideal for preclinical and veterinary research, minimizing animal stress and sampling volume. Absence of 4-hydroxypropranolol highlights interspecies metabolic variability and warrants further investigation into propranolol biotransformation pathways in swine and other translational models. 

Heat stress (HS) substantially impairs dairy goat productivity in Mediterranean climates by disrupting metabolic, endocrine, and cellular homeostasis. High-yielding Saanen goats are particularly vulnerable because of elevated metabolic heat production, yet age-specific physiological responses to prolonged natural HS remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize age-dependent adaptations to progressive summer HS by evaluating changes in triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), cortisol (CORT), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and their relationship to daily average milk yield (DAMY). We hypothesized that increasing temperature–humidity index (THI) would suppress T3 and T4, moderately elevate CORT, and stimulate HSP70 expression, particularly in young goats.  Thirty clinically healthy, lactating Saanen does were grouped into young, middle-aged, and old age groups (n = 10 per group). The study was conducted from May to August under natural Mediterranean field conditions. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, and THI were recorded daily. DAMY was measured automatically using a radio-frequency identification-linked milking system. Blood samples were collected twice monthly to quantify serum T3, T4, CORT, and HSP70 using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. A repeated-measures general linear model evaluated the effects of age, month, and their interaction; significance was set at p < 0.05.  THI increased from “no HS” in May to “severe HS” in July and August, confirming sustained heat-load. DAMY declined from 2.59 ± 0.43 kg in May to 1.88 ± 0.40 kg in August. T4 decreased significantly in young and middle-aged goats, with the sharpest decline in middle-aged goats (92.96 to 61.82 nmol/L; p < 0.01). T3 also decreased significantly in young and middle-aged groups (p < 0.01), whereas older goats showed modest, nonsignificant reductions. CORT showed a mild, nonsignificant upward trend. HSP70 increased across all groups, with a significant rise in young goats (13.32 to 17.85 ng/mL; p < 0.05). T4 showed a strong positive correlation with DAMY (r = 0.78, p = 0.0027), whereas CORT showed a moderate negative correlation with DAMY (r = −0.58, p = 0.047).  Lactating Saanen goats exhibit age-dependent dual adaptations to summer HS: endocrine suppression of thyroid activity, stronger in middle-aged goats, and cellular upregulation of HSP70, most evident in young goats. Monitoring T3, T4, CORT, HSP70, and DAMY can help identify thermally vulnerable life-stage groups and guide targeted cooling, nutritional, and breeding interventions in heat-stressed dairy systems. 

Essential oils (EOs) are promising natural modifiers of rumen fermentation and methane production; however, their volatility and rapid degradation limit their effectiveness. Microencapsulation can shield bioactive compounds and allow controlled release. Insect-derived proteins, especially from black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.), offer a sustainable and functional wall material, yet their use for rumen-targeted delivery remains unexplored. This study aimed to assess the effects of microencapsulated-lemongrass oil (M-LEO) using BSF protein as a biopolymer wall on gas kinetics, nutrient degradability, rumen fermentation parameters, microbial populations, and methane output in vitro.  A completely randomized design was used with five dietary treatments containing M-LEO at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% of total dry matter (DM) substrate. In vitro rumen fermentation was performed using rumen fluid from Holstein-crossbred dairy cattle. Fermentation was measured at 12, 24, and 48 h for gas kinetics, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD), pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), methane production, and microbial populations quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction.  M-LEO showed high encapsulation efficiency (85.2%) and significant bioactive content. Supplementing with M-LEO notably improved gas production kinetics and nutrient degradability, with optimal effects at 6% of total DM. At this level, IVDMD and IVOMD increased by up to 11.5% and 10.5%, respectively. Total VFA and propionate concentrations rose significantly (p < 0.05), while acetate proportion and the acetate-to-propionate ratio decreased. Rumen pH and NH₃-N levels stayed within optimal ranges and were unaffected by treatment. Methane production was substantially reduced, with decreases of up to 48.8% at 48 h compared to the control. Additionally, M-LEO boosted populations of key cellulolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens) and Megasphaera elsdenii, while significantly suppressing methanogenic archaea (Methanobacteriales).  Microencapsulation of lemongrass oil with BSF protein effectively enhances rumen fermentation efficiency and significantly decreases methane emissions in vitro. This innovative insect-protein delivery system provides a sustainable and climate-friendly feed additive approach, deserving further validation in vivo. 

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne bacteria presents a significant threat to public health, especially in countries with intensive livestock production systems. Pig farming is a major source of animal protein in Thailand and is recognized as an important reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Escherichia coli is commonly used as an indicator organism for monitoring AMR, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production and pathogenic potential. This study aimed to assess the frequency of AMR, multidrug-resistant (MDR), ESBL determinants, and virulence genes in E. coli isolates collected from slaughterhouses and fresh markets in central Thailand.  A total of 498 archived E. coli isolates were analyzed, including 236 isolates from slaughterhouses (feces and carcasses) and 262 isolates from fresh markets (pork and cutting boards). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. MDR was defined as resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes. ESBL production was identified through phenotypic confirmatory tests, and ESBL-producing isolates were screened for blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were further examined for select virulence genes linked to major E. coli pathotypes.  Overall, 97.4% of E. coli isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 87.3% were classified as MDR. ESBL-producing E. coli made up 23.5% of all isolates, with a significantly higher prevalence in slaughterhouses compared to fresh markets (p < 0.05). Among ESBL producers, 97.4% exhibited MDR phenotypes. Most (89.7%) of the ESBL-producing isolates carried at least one bla gene, with blaTEM being the most common, followed by blaCTX-M. Virulence genes were detected at a low frequency (3.2%), mainly involving eaeA, lt, and stp.  The high prevalence of AMR, MDR, and ESBL-producing E. coli throughout the pork production chain highlights slaughterhouses and fresh markets as key points for the spread of resistant bacteria. These findings emphasize the need for stronger antimicrobial stewardship, better hygiene practices, and ongoing AMR surveillance within the One Health approach to reduce public health risks linked to pork consumption. 

Canine gingival masses are common oral lesions with variable biological behavior, ranging from reactive hyperplasia to malignant neoplasia. Although routine cytology is widely used for initial evaluation, diagnostic overlap between benign and malignant lesions may limit accuracy when relying solely on morphology. This study aimed to develop and validate a trimodal cytological framework that integrates cytomorphometric analysis, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining, and micronuclei assay to enhance cytological differentiation and objectively characterize proliferative and genotoxic alterations in canine gingival masses.  Cytological specimens were obtained through fine-needle aspiration from gingival masses of 46 dogs and classified as epithelial hyperplasia (n = 11), benign neoplasms (n = 14), and malignant neoplasms (n = 21), with histopathology serving as the reference standard. Cytomorphometric parameters (nuclear diameter, nuclear area, cytoplasmic area, cellular diameter (CD), and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic [N:C] ratio) were measured using digital image-analysis. Cellular proliferation was evaluated by AgNOR silver staining, while genomic instability was assessed with acridine orange-based micronuclei assay. Group comparisons were conducted using one-way analysis of variance, and relationships among parameters were examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.  Significant differences were observed among lesion categories for AgNOR count, micronuclei frequency, and most cytomorphometric parameters (p < 0.01), except for CD. Malignant neoplasms showed the highest AgNOR count (4.04 ± 2.81) and micronuclei frequency (7.76 ± 2.10), indicating increased proliferative activity and genotoxic damage. Epithelial hyperplasia presented larger nuclear and cytoplasmic dimensions, while the N:C ratio was highest in benign neoplasms (0.44 ± 0.23). The N:C ratio showed significant correlations with AgNOR (r = 0.319, p = 0.030) and micronuclei counts (r = 0.317, p = 0.032). A strong positive correlation was found between AgNOR and micronuclei counts (r = 0.631, p < 0.01).  The integration of cytomorphometry, AgNOR staining, and the micronuclei assay creates a strong, quantitative cytological framework that improves diagnostic accuracy for canine gingival masses. This three-part approach decreases subjective interpretation, enhances detection of malignant changes, and can easily be adapted to digital and AI-supported cytopathology systems in veterinary clinical practice. 

Rotavirus A (RVA) is an enteric pathogen affecting both humans and animals, known for its zoonotic potential. Feline RVA (FeRVA) infections are increasingly reported worldwide; however, data remain limited in Thailand. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, genotype distribution, and whole-genome features of FeRVA found in domestic cats in Thailand, as well as to assess the potential for cross-species transmission.  A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 2022 to December 2023 in Bangkok and nearby provinces. Rectal swab samples (n = 636) were collected from both symptomatic and asymptomatic cats and screened for RVA using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the nonstructural protein 5 (NSP5) gene. Samples positive for FeRVA were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) using Oxford Nanopore technology. Genotypes were assigned based on all 11 gene segments, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the neighbor-joining method to compare Thai strains with global RVA reference strains.  The FeRVA positivity rate was 1.41% (9/636). Three FeRVA-positive samples were successfully sequenced. Whole-genome analysis identified one strain as genotype G3P[9] and two strains as genotype G6P[9]. The G6P[9] strains showed the genetic constellation G6-P[9]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T3-E3-H3, identical to feline and human RVA G6P[9] strains previously reported in Japan. The G3P[9] strain displayed high nucleotide identity with Thai and East Asian human RVAs. Most FeRVA-positive cats were asymptomatic, and no significant association was found between infection status and age, season, or clinical signs. Analysis of the viral protein 7 antigenic regions revealed conserved amino acids, apart from a single substitution (S90P) in G6P[9].  This study reports the first detection of the novel FeRVA genotype G6P[9] in Thailand and provides comprehensive genomic evidence of FeRVA diversity in domestic cats. The close genetic relationship between Thai-FeRVA strains and human RVA strains highlights the potential for interspecies transmission. Enhanced surveillance and One Health–based monitoring are recommended to improve early detection and prevent zoonotic spread. 

Free-grazing duck (FGD) production systems play a vital economic role in Thailand but are also recognized as potential sources and amplifiers of avian influenza (AI) viruses at the human–animal–environment interface. Understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of individuals involved in FGD production is crucial for effective prevention and control of AI. This study aimed to assess AI-related KAP levels among FGD farmers and related workers in central Thailand and to identify demographic, occupational, and behavioral factors linked to these KAP outcomes.  An analytical cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2023, involving 101 participants working in FGD production systems across Ayutthaya, Suphan Buri, and Nakhon Sawan provinces. Data were obtained through face-to-face interviews using a structured, expert-validated questionnaire that covered socio-demographic details, animal exposure, vaccination history, and AI-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. KAP scores were determined using standardized scoring criteria. The relationships between KAP scores and explanatory variables were analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression.  The average knowledge score was 8.65 ± 2.39 (out of 12), the average attitude score was 3.63 ± 0.36 (out of 5), and the average practice score was 3.17 ± 0.38 (out of 5). Overall, 58.4% of participants demonstrated good knowledge, 66.3% exhibited positive attitudes, and 38.6% reported good preventive practices against AI. Knowledge scores were significantly linked to daily working hours with FGDs, contact with other animals, and influenza vaccination history. Positive attitudes were significantly influenced by educational level and occupation, while good practices were associated with higher education, type of FGD production system, animal contact, and vaccination during poultry work. Moderate positive correlations were observed between knowledge and attitude scores and between attitude and practice scores.  This study offers the first comprehensive assessment of KAP regarding AI among FGD farmers in Thailand. Although knowledge and attitudes about AI were generally adequate, preventive measures were relatively inadequate. Improving targeted public health education, increasing vaccination awareness, and implementing One Health–based biosecurity measures are recommended to boost AI prevention and readiness in FGD production systems. 

Pregnancy and early lactation in small ruminants are characterized by heightened metabolic activity and increased production of reactive oxygen species, predisposing animals to oxidative stress and reduced productivity. Despite extensive research in dairy cattle, evidence is limited for subtropical small-ruminant systems. This study evaluated whether dietary antioxidant supplementation during mid- and late-gestation improves oxidative status, milk quality, and neonatal growth in crossbred Beetal goats.  Forty healthy multiparous Beetal goats were allocated to mid- (n = 20) and late-gestation groups (n = 20), each further divided into control and antioxidant-supplemented subgroups (120 mg/kg BW/day of a tocopherol–rosemary extract blend). The 90-day trial included serial blood sampling (gestation days 60–165) and milk/colostrum collection (0, 15, and 30 days postpartum). Enzymatic (Catalase [CAT], Superoxide dismutase [SOD], and Glutathione peroxidase [GPx]) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolics, flavonoids, lycopene, carotenoids), total protein, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were quantified. Kid birth weight, growth, litter size, and survival were recorded. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.  Antioxidant supplementation significantly increased CAT, SOD, and GPx activities during both gestational phases (p < 0.05), with parallel improvements in colostrum and milk enzymatic antioxidant profiles. Non-enzymatic antioxidant concentrations, including phenolics, flavonoids, lycopene, and carotenoids, were markedly elevated in treated animals across all sampling points (p < 0.05). Maternal TAC and total protein increased, while TOS and MDA were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), demonstrating enhanced redox homeostasis. Milk from supplemented goats exhibited higher antioxidant capacity and lower oxidative damage markers. Neonatal outcomes showed increased birth weight in male kids (p < 0.05), although litter size, growth rates, and survival remained unchanged (p > 0.05).  Maternal antioxidant supplementation effectively strengthened oxidative defense mechanisms, improved colostrum and milk biochemical quality, and enhanced neonatal birth weight in Beetal goats. These findings support the strategic use of natural antioxidant blends as a nutritional intervention to mitigate periparturient oxidative stress and improve productivity under subtropical management conditions. 

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is a leading cause of fatal hemorrhagic illness in juvenile Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), often requiring urgent plasma transfusion. However, the biochemical stability of fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) during long-term storage has not been systematically evaluated in this species. This study assessed the stability of key plasma proteins, fibrinogen, clotting factor VIII, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and albumin, in FFP stored at −20°C for 4, 8, and 12 months, and compared them with fresh plasma to determine suitability for emergency clinical use.  Plasma samples were collected from 20 healthy elephants and processed into fresh and frozen aliquots. Fibrinogen concentrations were quantified using the Clauss assay, factor VIII activity via a one-stage clotting assay, and IgG and albumin concentrations using colorimetric methods. A repeated-measures generalized linear model evaluated the effects of storage duration on protein stability, with post hoc Tukey adjustments.  Fibrinogen concentrations remained stable during storage, with no significant differences at 8 or 12 months compared with fresh plasma. Factor VIII activity declined progressively, with a significant 16% reduction after 12 months (p < 0.001), though values remained within clinically acceptable ranges. Conversely, IgG and albumin concentrations increased significantly during frozen storage, with 37% and 21% higher values, respectively, at 12 months, likely reflecting cryoconcentration. Neither sex nor other covariates significantly influenced protein stability.  This study provides the first evidence that elephant FFP stored at −20°C retains acceptable biochemical stability for up to 12 months. Although factor VIII activity decreases over time, fibrinogen remains stable, and immunoproteins increase, supporting the clinical utility of stored plasma in EEHV-HD emergencies. These findings provide foundational guidance for establishing elephant plasma banking protocols, improving readiness for rapid intervention, and advancing One Health–aligned conservation strategies for endangered megafauna. 

Despite strong adaptive traits, the reproductive efficiency of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) remains suboptimal, with low conception rates following artificial insemination (AI). Cervical mucus (CM) is a critical factor in sperm transport and fertilization; however, its molecular basis in relation to fertility has not been elucidated in this indigenous breed. This study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of CM in Bali heifers and to identify protein biomarkers associated with fertility-related mucus quality.  The study was conducted between February and August 2024 in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Forty clinically healthy Bali heifers (2–3 years old) were sampled during natural oestrus and divided into good CM (GCM; n = 20) and poor CM (PCM; n = 20) groups using a validated five-parameter biophysical scoring system. CM proteins were extracted and analyzed using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. High-confidence protein identification was achieved at <1% false discovery rate, and differential abundance was evaluated using Benjamini–Hochberg correction (p < 0.05). Functional enrichment, correlation analysis with mucus traits, and receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analyses with cross-validation were performed.  Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between GCM and PCM groups for appearance, viscosity, spinnbarkeit, and ferning pattern, while pH did not differ. A total of 52 proteins were identified after quality control, of which 13 showed significant differential abundance. GCM was characterized by higher levels of NT5E, lactoferrin, SCGB1D, and lactotransferrin, whereas PCM showed enrichment of complement factor I (CFI), haptoglobin (HP), MUC5AC, FAIM2, TIMP2, PEBP4, SAA3, GRP, and IGL. Functional enrichment analysis indicated anti-inflammatory and epithelial-protective pathways in GCM, in contrast to complement activation, proteolysis, and oxidative remodeling in PCM. ROC analysis demonstrated excellent discriminative performance for NT5E (GCM) and CFI and haptoglobin (PCM), each achieving an area under the curve of 1.00 in this cohort.  This study offers the first proteomic evidence connecting CM composition to fertility-related traits in Bali heifers. NT5E, CFI, and HP stand out as promising biomarkers for fertility screening, providing a molecular framework to improve AI efficiency and selection strategies in indigenous cattle. 

Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid known for its antioxidant and metabolic regulatory properties. Many studies have assessed its effects on laying hen performance, egg quality, blood metabolites, and oxidative status; however, the results have been inconsistent, mainly due to differences in dosage, duration, hen age, and quercetin form. This meta-analysis aims to quantitatively synthesize the available evidence and examine the dose–response relationships of dietary quercetin supplementation on productive performance, egg quality traits, blood metabolites, and antioxidant defenses in laying hens.  A systematic literature search of Scopus and Web of Science identified 27 eligible studies published in English. Effect sizes were calculated as mean differences (MDs) using a restricted maximum likelihood random-effects model. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to evaluate how quercetin dose, treatment duration, initial hen age, and quercetin form (extract vs. plant powder) influenced the outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic, and publication bias was examined using funnel plots and Egger’s regression test.  Dietary quercetin significantly improved laying rate (LR) (MD = 2.82%), egg weight (MD = 1.21 g), Haugh unit (MD = 1.84%), shell thickness (MD = 0.014 mm), and yolk color (MD = 0.53), while reducing the feed-to-egg ratio (FER) (MD = −0.15) (p < 0.05). Quercetin supplementation also decreased serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), glucose, total cholesterol, and malondialdehyde levels, while increasing high-density lipoprotein and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations (p < 0.05). Meta-regression revealed linear dose-dependent reductions in SGPT, glucose, and total cholesterol, whereas LR, FER, and SOD activity showed quadratic responses. Optimal responses occurred at quercetin doses of approximately 400–600 mg/kg. Treatment duration, hen age, and quercetin form further influenced several outcomes.  Dietary quercetin effectively boosts productivity, egg quality, metabolic health, and antioxidant defense in laying hens in a dose-dependent way. Supplementing at 400–600 mg/kg seems optimal for maximizing laying performance and antioxidant levels, supporting quercetin as a promising phytogenic feed additive for sustainable poultry farming. 

Veterinary World editorial team sincerely like to thank all of our reviewers who contributed to peer review for the journal in 2025.

Artificial insemination (AI) in goats is constrained by the complex cervical anatomy, which limits the efficiency of conventional transcervical AI (C-TCAI), particularly under field conditions. Although laparoscopic AI (LAI) achieves higher fertility rates, its invasive nature, need for anesthesia, and high operational costs limit its routine application. Visual endoscope-assisted transcervical AI (VE-TCAI) offers a minimally invasive alternative that enables real-time cervical visualization and potentially improves procedural efficiency. This study evaluated the field performance of VE-TCAI compared with C-TCAI in native–Boer crossbred goats by assessing insemination time and pregnancy outcomes.  A total of 37 multiparous native–Boer crossbred does maintained on two commercial farms in northeastern Thailand were enrolled in a completely randomized field trial. Estrus was synchronized using intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices in combination with equine chorionic gonadotropin and cloprostenol sodium. Fixed-time AI was performed 48 h after device removal using frozen–thawed semen (200 million spermatozoa per doe). Does were inseminated either by C-TCAI using a vaginal speculum or by VE-TCAI using a portable visual endoscopic insemination system. Insemination time was recorded and categorized as ≤1 min or >1 min. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transabdominal ultrasonography at 45 days postinsemination. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test.  VE-TCAI significantly improved procedural efficiency, with a greater proportion of does inseminated within 1 min compared with C-TCAI (78% vs 39%; p = 0.020). Pregnancy rates were numerically higher in the VE-TCAI group than in the C-TCAI group (45.5% vs 33.3%), although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.737). Overall conception rate across both methods was 37.8%, yielding an average litter size of 1.36 kids per pregnant doe. No major procedure-related complications were observed.  Visual endoscope-assisted transcervical AI markedly reduced insemination time and facilitated easier cervical navigation under field conditions. Although pregnancy rates did not differ significantly, the consistent numerical improvement suggests potential biological relevance. VE-TCAI represents a practical, minimally invasive alternative to C-TCAI and LAI for field-based goat breeding programs, particularly in tropical production systems, warranting validation in larger multi-farm studies.