The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the Enterobacteriaceae family represents a major global health problem for humans and animals. This study aimed to determine AMR levels and highlight the different resistance profiles of Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected from healthy broiler chickens in eastern Algeria.  A total of 200 cloacal swabs of healthy broilers from several poultry farms located in the Souk Ahras region (eastern Algeria) were collected. Samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar, and the isolated bacteria were identified using the API 20E system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of colistin (CT).  Two hundred and forty-one isolates of commensal Enterobacteriaceae were recovered, including: Escherichia coli (n = 194; 80.5%), Proteus mirabilis (n = 21; 8.71%), Escherichia fergusonii (n = 8, 3.32%), Salmonella spp. (n = 7, 2.9%), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 4, 1.66%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 3, 1.25%), Serratia spp. (n = 3, 1.25%), and Kluyvera spp. (n = 1, 0.41%). High resistance rates were observed toward erythromycin (100%), doxycycline (96.68%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (95.85%), ciprofloxacin (94.19%), ampicillin (90.04%), kanamycin (78.01%), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (69.71%). However, moderate-to-low resistance rates were observed for CT (25.31%), ceftazidime (12.45%), and cefotaxime (8.71%). Interestingly, only two extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates were detected. All isolates (100%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), among which 58.92% were resistant to six and seven antibiotics. Forty AMR profiles were identified, reflecting a wide diversity of resistance with combinations of three to ten antibiotics.  Our findings revealed alarming rates of AMR, highlighting the need to take measures to combat the phenomenon of AMR to protect animals and public health. 

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus aureus are common colonizing pathogens in companion animals. These opportunistic pathogens can cause infections of varying frequency and severity in humans and pets. Studies on Staphylococcus colonization in veterinarians are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the colonization of the nostrils and hands by S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and S. pseudintermedius among healthy clinical practice veterinarians in the province of Malaga (Spain), with a particular focus on their potential antibiotic resistance.  A request for voluntary participation was extended to professionals from the Official College of Veterinarians of Malaga. Nasal and hand swabs were collected by two trained technicians in January 2024, and all samples were delivered to the laboratory within 24 h. Gram staining, catalase, oxidase, and coagulase tests were performed. The susceptibility of the isolated bacteria to 11 antibiotics was evaluated.  A total of 50 clinical practice veterinarians were enrolled in the study, comprising 36 women and 14 men from 31 veterinary clinics across Málaga province. A total of 32% of the nasal samples yielded S. aureus, whereas 64% were found to contain S. epidermidis. In total, 30% of the hand samples yielded S. aureus and 30% yielded S. epidermidis. The participants did not exhibit any strains of S. pseudintermedius in their nasal samples or hands. Two strains (11.1%) of methicillin-resistant S. aureus were isolated from 18 strains isolated from nostrils. Furthermore, a high prevalence of S. aureus strains resistant to ampicillin (94.4%) and amoxicillin (72.2%) was observed.  The colonization profiles of veterinary professionals were similar to those observed in the general population. Further research is required among veterinary professionals, companion animals, and their owners to better understand the colonization processes and the pet-human interface within a “One Health” approach. 

The emergence and proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a global health crisis. This issue arises from the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, coupled with the pharmaceutical industry’s limited development of new drugs, which is constrained by financial disincentives and regulatory hurdles. This study aimed to investigate the combined antibacterial efficacy and safety profile of the combined ultrashort antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) WW-185 and WOW against antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.  The WW-185 and WOW peptides were synthesized through solid-phase methods and purified using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and their purity was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using broth dilution and checkerboard assays to assess both individual and combined effects of the peptides against Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]) and Escherichia coli (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases [ESBL]-producing strains). The synergy between the peptides was quantified using fractional inhibitory concentration indices. Hemolytic activity was also assessed to determine cytotoxicity toward red blood cells.  The combination of WW-185 and WOW exerted synergistic effects against both MRSA and ESBL-producing E. coli, with reduced minimal inhibitory concentrations compared with the individual treatments. The peptides exhibited minimal hemolytic activity, indicating low toxicity.  The combination of the ultrashort AMPs WW-185 and WOW shows promising synergistic antibacterial effects against resistant bacteria, with potential for further therapeutic development due to their enhanced efficacy and low toxicity. 

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a pivotal tool for creating ideal housing conditions that allow animals to fully display their ethograms. At the micro-environmental level, they should elicit cognitive and social responses and increase physical activities. Hair steroids may be among the best biomarkers to evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure to different enrichments because they are non-invasive and provide information regarding a longer period. This study aimed to compare the hair steroid profiles, specifically corticosterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), of Wistar rats exposed to two different EE settings.  Twenty (n = 20) outbred Wistar rats were enrolled in this study. First hair collection (T0) was performed 3 days before weaning (at 28 days of life), and then Wistar rats were randomly divided into two equal groups with a sex ratio of 1:1: standard EE group, provided with one rat tunnel, and extra EE group, provided with an additional tunnel hanging from the top of the cage. Environmental conditions were 20°C–24°C, 45%–65% relative humidity, and a 12:12 dark/light cycle, with water and pelleted diet ad libitum. The rats were housed in ventilated cages with poplar bedding and nesting material. Hair was sampled again after 3 months (T1). Steroids were quantified using radioimmunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after methanol extraction.  Cortisol was not quantifiable, while corticosterone and DHEA were. After 3 months of exposure (T1), no differences were noted between the experimental groups. On data categorization per sex, females showed higher levels of all steroids than males. In males, the extra EE group had higher corticosterone levels.  This study showed that corticosterone and DHEA are quantifiable in rats’ hair, yet bigger datasets are needed to better understand the physiological levels of these hormones in such a matrix. Different enrichment settings induced differences between and within sex. 

Mutations in the β-tubulin genes of helminths confer benzimidazole (BZ) resistance by reducing the drug’s binding efficiency to the expressed protein. However, the effects of these resistance-associated mutations on tubulin dimer formation in soil-transmitted helminths remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of these mutations on the in silico dimerization of hookworm α- and β-tubulins using open-source bioinformatics tools.  Using AlphaFold 3, the α- and β-tubulin amino acid sequences of Ancylostoma ceylanicum were used to predict the structural fold of the hookworm tubulin heterodimer. The modeled complexes were subjected to several protein structure quality assurance checks. The binding free energies, overall binding affinity, dissociation constant, and interacting amino acids of the complex were determined. The dimer’s structural flexibility and motion were simulated through molecular dynamics.  BZ resistance-associated amino acid substitutions in the β-tubulin isotype 1 protein of hookworms altered tubulin dimerization. The E198K, E198V, and F200Y mutations conferred the strongest and most stable binding between the α and β subunits, surpassing that of the wild-type. In contrast, complexes with the Q134H and F200L mutations exhibited the opposite effect. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that wild-type and mutant tubulin dimers exhibited similar dynamic behavior, with slight deviations in those carrying the F200L and E198K mutations.  Resistance-associated mutations in hookworms impair BZ binding to β-tubulin and enhance tubulin dimer interactions, thereby increasing the parasite’s ability to withstand treatment. Conversely, other mutations weaken these interactions, potentially compromising hookworm viability. These findings offer novel insights into helminth tubulin dimerization and provide a valuable foundation for developing anthelmintics targeting this crucial biological process. 

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis in poultry; this type of bacteria is an extraintestinal pathogen E. coli. Unlike other E. coli pathogen groups, the characteristics of APECs cannot be identified by a single group. Serotyping and biotyping are frequently performed for isolates found in colibacillosis infections. The establishment, transmission, and persistence of this pathogenic strain in chicken populations are determined by the intricate interactions of multiple elements that make up the epidemiology of APEC. APEC employs many virulence and pathogenesis factors or mechanisms to infect chickens with colibacillosis. These factors include invasives, protectins, adhesins, iron acquisition, and toxins. In addition, the pathogenicity of APEC strains can be evaluated in 2–4 week-old chicks. The impact of unfavorable environmental conditions has also been documented, despite direct contact being demonstrated to be a significant element in transmission in APEC. Chickens are immunized against colibacillosis using a variety of vaccines. Nevertheless, commercially available vaccinations do not offer sufficient immunity to protect birds from APEC strains. Hatching egg contamination is one of the main ways that APECs spread throughout chicken flocks. Farmers also need to be mindful of storing discarded materials near the manure-watering area, removing them when necessary, and replacing wet materials with dry materials when needed. This review aimed to explain the characteristics, epidemiology, virulence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, pathophysiology, transmission, vaccination, and control of APEC. 

Camels play a crucial role in South Asia’s cultural, economic, and ecological landscape. This study aimed to conduct a systematic bibliometric analysis of camel research from South Asia. This study sought to provide an overview of the topic’s development and current and evolving themes by examining publication patterns, citation metrics, authorship trends, and thematic evolutions.  The data for this study were obtained from the Scopus database. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer and the Bibliometrix package in R Studio to analyze publication trends, author productivity, collaboration patterns, journal impacts, keyword analyses, institutional contributions, and research outputs from individual countries.  The bibliometric analysis of camel research in South Asia identified 1106 documents from 320 sources involving 2443 authors, with an international coauthorship rate of 16.91%. The primary clusters of research topics were camel biology and the veterinary sciences, focusing on the biological and health aspects of camels; camel milk and its products, emphasizing the role of camel milk in human nutrition and health; the genetics and molecular biology of camels; the pathogens and diseases of camels and their control; camel tissues and structures; and the effects of camel products on human health. India and Pakistan are the leading sources of such articles. Trending and evolving topics in camel research in South Asia continue to increase, forming a dynamic landscape. Key themes include growing interest in camel products’ nutritional and therapeutic properties, particularly camel milk and bioactive compounds. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of camel products and their bioactive peptides have also gained research attention. The evolution from traditional studies of camel physiology and disease to molecular and genomic research underscores a shift toward a more detailed, mechanistic understanding of camel biology and health.  This bibliometric study highlighted the significant growth and diversification of camel research in South Asia over the past decades. The study emphasized the need for continued support and collaboration to gain knowledge of the unique attributes of camels and their regional and global benefits. 

Despite the availability of vaccines, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause disease outbreaks in pigs worldwide. One of the reasons for this problem is the frequent mutation of the virus, which creates new variants. This study was conducted to determine the survival of five PRRSV strains on four non-porous and two porous fomites at 22–25°C (room temperature).  Five strains of PRRSV (1-7-4, 1-8-4, VR 2332, 1-4-4 MN, and 1-4-4 SD) were used in this study. Circular pieces of aluminum, boot material, polyvinyl chloride, stainless steel, cardboard, and concrete were used as fomites. A small volume of each virus strain was placed on the fomite, followed by incubation at room temperature. The virus surviving at different time points was eluted in an eluent solution. Serial 10-fold dilutions of the eluate were inoculated in MARC-145 cells for virus titration. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used for statistical analysis, and post hoc analysis was used for multiple pairwise comparisons.  Three of the five strains were inactivated within 36 h on non-porous fomites; the remaining two survived for 72 h. On porous fomites, all five strains were inactivated within 12 h. MANOVA at p < 0.05 indicated that the inactivation of strains 1-7-4 and 1-4-4 SD was significant compared with the other strains. In addition, the number of virus titers was significantly reduced on stainless steel compared to other fomites.  Our findings illustrate how the interaction between the PRRSV strain and fomite material affect viral stability over time. The results also provide an understanding of fomites’ role in PRRSV epidemiology as indirect transmitters of the virus. 

Brucellosis contributes to significant economic losses due to abortion, weak newborns, infertility, and up to 20% reductions in milk yield in carrier animals. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of ruminant brucellosis in six Egyptian governorates. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of ruminant brucellosis and evaluate the risk factors regarding the epidemiological status, highlighting the importance of early carrier detection for the success of control programs.  A total of 3000 ruminants were investigated. Blood and serum samples were collected for routine hemato-biochemical analysis (complete blood picture and metabolic panel). In addition, genotoxicity analysis was performed, whereas tissue samples were collected for histopathological analysis. The buffered acidified plate antigen test (BAPAT), Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), and complement fixation test (CFT) were used for serological diagnosis of brucellosis. The obtained bacterial colonies were typed using Brucella abortus-, melitensis-, ovis-, and suis-polymerase chain reaction (AMOS-PCR), depending on the variability of the IS711 fragment among Brucella spp. Serum trace elements, oxidative stress, and acute phase proteins were compared according to body condition score (BCS) and clinical condition images within the study population.  Mastitis and abortion were the key recorded symptoms (9.966%, 299/3000 and 6%, 180/3000, respectively); however, symptomless individuals were predominant (82.9%, 2487/3000). Blood lymphocytosis was prominent even in asymptomatic animals. Nutritional and food conversion conditions were defined as low, moderate, or high BCS. Brucella overall seropositivity by BAPAT, RBPT, and CFT was 6.1% (182/3000), 5.6% (168/3000), and 5.1% (154/3000) in ruminant species within the included governorates, respectively. Upon diagnosis, 154 seropositive cases developed 93 bacterial isolates and a 731-bp PCR fragment whose sequences confirmed Brucella melitensis biovar 3. Serum metabolic and biochemical profiles, acute phase proteins, trace elements, and oxidative stress concentrations were indicative of loss of functionality in the liver and kidneys, malnutrition and malabsorption syndrome, and DNA damage, particularly in the low-BCS groups (p < 0.0001). Granulomatous lesions were most prominent in the lymph nodes, spleen, uterus, and udder of the dams, while placental multifocal necrosis with thrombosis was recorded in aborted fetuses. There were 8 types of chromosomal aberrations detected in peripheral white blood cells. The highest frequency was for dicentric aberrations 0.025% (25/1000), whereas the lowest 0.009% (9/1000) was for acentric, ring, fusion, and polyploidy. The difference between species was significant for BCS; 14.2% in low-BCS cattle and camels and 8.4% in high-BCS buffaloes.  B. melitensis biovar 3 is prevalent in Egypt. Mixed-rearing systems are the main risk factors for interspecies transmission among ruminants. The difficulty in accurately diagnosing all infected animals, particularly carriers, is a major limitation of eradication and control programs. Different biomarkers could be indicators and/or sensors for performance and/or infectivity conditions in animal herds; however, they require further optimization. Early detection using molecular technologies, highly descriptive, quantitative, sensitive, and specific methods, as alternatives to serological diagnosis (CFT, BAPAT, and RBT), is urgently needed to enhance the efficiency of brucellosis-specific prophylaxis. Such a comprehensive procedure is the World Organization for Animal Health dependent decision. 

Anaplasma platys is a dog pathogen that causes anaplasmosis in various hosts, including humans. It is a rickettsial pathogen that causes cyclic thrombocytopenia in primary canine recipients and is spread by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. This study aimed to map the genetic sequences of Anaplasma spp. isolates comparable with those of different global locations and determine the infection status of Pshdar Kurdish shepherd dogs from three regions in Sulaymaniyah province who did not exhibit clinical indications for Anaplasma.  A total of 75 dog blood samples were collected from the center of the Sulaymaniyah, Dukan, and Ranya districts in the Sulaymaniyah province and subjected to polymerase chain reaction to determine the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene of A. platys.  Only two dogs (2.7%) were positive for A. platys. The 16S rRNA gene of A. platys was sequenced and registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank with accession number OR467538. With four nucleotide changes, the sequence exhibited 99.72% similarity to strains identified as human infections and those found in recognized tick vectors.  We conclude that the blood of Pshdar Kurdish shepherd dogs in the Sulaymaniyah region of Iraq contains a small number of A. platys. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree of the isolated species, A. platys, was significantly similar to other strains of A. platys found worldwide. In the Kurdistan region of Iraq, this study represents the first molecular detection of the 16S rRNA gene of A. platys. 

Anthocyanins are potent antioxidants and scavengers of free radicals found in fruits, purple corn, and other naturally occurring purple plants. Several studies have demonstrated that anthocyanins possess strong antioxidant properties and can enhance ruminant production by modulating intracellular oxidative stress and modifying ruminal fermentation. This study aimed to examine the effects of anthocyanin-rich Napier grass silage (ANS) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production, plasma profile, and antioxidant capacity in lactating crossbred Saanen goats.  Nine healthy lactating goats (crossbreeds of Thai-native and Saanen breeds aged 8–12 months) were selected and randomly assigned to one of three experimental diets: (1) Corn silage (CS), (2) Napier grass silage (NS), and (3) ANS. Daily feed refusals were recorded to calculate dry matter intake for the animal performance assessment. In addition to analyzing feed intake, nutrient intake, and nutrient digestibility, milk and blood samples were also analyzed for protein composition, leukocyte count, and antioxidant capacity.  CS-fed goats had the highest (p < 0.05) feed intake (1.09 kg/day), a value markedly exceeding those of NS- and ANS-fed goats (0.80 and 0.76 kg/day, respectively). They also had higher (p < 0.05) organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber intake (0.99 kg and 0.50 kg/day) than the other two groups. Protein intake did not differ significantly (0.14, 0.12, and 0.12 kg/day for CS, NS, and ANS, respectively). The CS group showed higher (p < 0.05) dry matter and OM digestibility (69.42% and 69.83%) than the NS and ANS groups, which had lower (p < 0.05) fiber digestibility. Regarding milk production, the CS and ANS groups produced 1.15 and 1.16 kg/day, respectively, whereas the NS group produced 1.11 kg/day. No significant differences in leukocyte counts were observed. Furthermore, the CS group exhibited the highest (p < 0.05) superoxide dismutase inhibition (16.05%) on day 35, whereas the ANS group showed the highest (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity on multiple days (21, 35, 49, and 63).  ANS can be a valuable component of dairy goat diets, particularly in regions prone to heat-induced oxidative stress. 

Cattle are the reservoir host of Coxiella burnetii, a causative agent of Q fever. Pooling herd-level prevalence data from individual studies would help determine the global prevalence of C. burnetii in cattle herds. This study aimed to estimate the global herd-level seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of C. burnetii in cattle, explore sources of heterogeneity, and determine trends and cumulative evidence of the pooled prevalence over time.  Relevant studies were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science and then screened for possible inclusion. A random-effects model was used for all meta-analyses. Subgroup meta-analysis and meta-regression were used to explore some sources of heterogeneity associated with the pooled prevalence and to determine the trends of C. burnetii in cattle herds over the study years (1961–2020). A cumulative meta-analysis was used to determine the cumulative evidence of the pooled prevalence over the publication years.  Of the 1541 citations, 86 studies with 38,057 cattle herds from 42 countries on six continents were included in the meta-analysis. The global herd-level seroprevalence of C. burnetii in cattle was estimated to be 44.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.9%–51.1%), with high heterogeneity among the included studies. The herd-level seroprevalence was significantly higher in dairy than in beef cattle herds (49.0% [95% CI: 41.9%–56.2%] vs. 14.5% [95% CI: 5.8%–32.1%], respectively). The global herd-level molecular prevalence of C. burnetii in cattle was estimated to be 32.3% (95% CI: 25.3%–40.01%), with high heterogeneity among the included studies. Herd-level molecular prevalence was significantly different among continents. The herd-level molecular prevalence ranged from 12.8% (95% CI: 7.1%–21.9%) in Asia to 70.0% (95% CI: 36.3%–90.5%) in North America. Regarding trends, the herd-level seroprevalence of C. burnetii in cattle did not change significantly over the study years.  The global herd-level seroprevalence and herd-level molecular prevalence of C. burnetii in cattle were high, estimated at 44% and 32%, respectively. The herd-level seroprevalence trend did not significantly change over time. This result indicates that cattle remain a major reservoir host for C. burnetii and pose a potential risk to human health. 

Acanthamoeba, an opportunistic protozoan, exists widely in natural sources and can cause infections in humans and animals. The absence of effective monotherapy after the initial infection leads to chronic disease and recurrence. Tubulin protein is a vital target for design-targeted drug discovery. Anti-tubulin drugs are also used to treat Acanthamoeba infections, although resistance to these drugs has been observed. Therefore, it is necessary to identify a new targeted drug for Acanthamoeba infections. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the in vitro activity of ethanol extracts of Rhizophora apiculata extracts (RAE) against Acanthamoeba spp. and to predict its chemical compound on β-tubulin interaction.  In this study, anti-Acanthamoeba activity with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal parasiticidal concentration (MPC) determination of ethanolic RAE from leaves, blossoms, buds, branches, and barks was tested on four Acanthamoeba trophozoites and cysts: Acanthamoeba triangularis WU 19001, Acanthamoeba polyphaga American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 30461, Acanthamoeba castellanii ATCC 50739, and A. castellanii ATCC 30010. The inhibitory effect on adherence was determined by the ability of Acanthamoeba adherence on 96-well plates, and its adhesive acanthopodia structure was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy analysis. In addition, the minimum cytotoxic concentrations (MCC) of R. apiculata leaf extract (RALE) and bark extract (RABE) were evaluated on Vero and HaCaT cell lines using the MTT assay. Phytochemical compounds from RALE and RABE were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Molecular docking and molecular dynamic analysis predicted the binding sites of chemicals in extracts and β-tubulin protein. The results revealed that A. triangularis and A. polyphaga trophozoites had the highest inhibition at 90% at a MIC of 8 mg/mL after treatment with RALE and RABE, respectively, at 24 h. Those MPC values were exhibited at 16 mg/mL against A. triangularis trophozoites. In addition, both extracts inhibited the adhesive properties of all Acanthamoeba approximately 80%–90% at 4 mg/ mL, as well as adherent structural acanthopodia loss. MCC was 0.25 mg/mL, provided to be harmless to mammalian cells. GC-MS analysis supported that 8 and 11 major phytochemicals were from RABE and RALE, respectively. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics demonstrated that Acanthamoeba-β-tubulin exhibited potent root-mean-square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, and binding free energy values with clionasterol (from RABE and RALE) and stigmasterol (from RALE). Based on our results, ethanolic RABE and RALE exhibited anti-Acanthamoeba activity in reducing adhesion. In silico showed that promising clionasterol and stigmasterol interacted with a targeting β-tubulin.  The RABE and RALE exhibited a potential anti-adherent effect on A. triangularis, low toxicity, and the clionasterol and stigmasterol in RABE and RALE predicted to interact the targeted β-tubulin. These agents may be used as alternative therapeutic agents in the management of disease using a sustainable one-heath approach. 

Natural killer T (NKT) cells exhibit the traits of both T and NK cells. Although their roles have been well studied in humans and mice, limited knowledge is available regarding their roles in dogs and pigs, which serve as models for human immunology. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) can elucidate NKT cell functions. However, identifying cells in mixed populations, like peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is challenging using this technique. This study presented the application of one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) for the identification of NKT cells within scRNA-seq data derived from PBMCs.  We used human scRNA-Seq data to train a 1DCNN model for cross-species identification of NKT cells in canine and porcine PBMC datasets. K-means clustering was used to isolate human NKT cells for training the 1DCNN model. The trained model predicted NKT cell subpopulations in PBMCs from all species. We performed Differential gene expression and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses to assess shared gene functions across species.  We successfully trained the 1DCNN model on human scRNA-Seq data, achieving 99.3% accuracy, and successfully identified NKT cell candidates in human, canine, and porcine PBMC datasets using the model. Across species, these NKT cells shared 344 genes with significantly elevated expression (FDR ≤ 0.001). GO term enrichment analyses confirmed the association of these genes with the immunoactivity of NKT cells.  This study developed a 1DCNN model for cross-species NKT cell identification and identified conserved immune function genes. The approach has broad implications for identifying other cell types in comparative immunology, and future studies are needed to validate these findings. 

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a dangerous infectious disease in livestock that rapidly spreads and causes economic losses for cattle farmers. However, the genetic characteristics of FMD virus (FMDV) strains that cause FMD in many provinces of the Mekong Delta, especially Tra Vinh province, remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the genotype of FMDV circulating in the Tra Vinh Province, Vietnam.  Forty-five probang samples from sick cows with clinical symptoms of FMD were collected and tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to amplify the UTR (untranslated region) segment to determine FMDV. For the gene encoding VP1, four FMDV-positive samples with precise electrophoresis results were amplified and sequenced using the RT-PCR technique. A phylogenetic tree was established to analyze the relationship between the detected FMDV and GenBank sequences. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences were analyzed to identify mutation sites in the VP1 gene of the detected strains and GenBank sequences.  Phylogenetic analysis showed that all four detected strains belonged to serotype O, topotype SEA/Mya-98. The results of VP1 gene analysis showed that the strains detected in Tra Vinh province belonged to serotype O and had a high nucleotide similarity rate with strain O/MYA/7/98 (93.83%–96.22%). These strains shared high homology with strains from Laos and Thailand but low homology with vaccine strain O/Manisa (DI431238.1). In addition, changes of 27 amino acids were discovered in the VP1 protein of the FMDV strains, several of which were significant FMDV neutralization-related antigenic determinants. These results imply that existing vaccination may not protect against the FMDV strains circulating in the Tra Vinh Province, Vietnam.  This study showed that these strains belong to serotype O, topotype SEA/Mya-98. In addition, mutations at 27 amino acid positions on the VP1 gene of these strains reduce the effectiveness of disease prevention with currently used vaccines. 

Colibacillosis is caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), which results in significant losses for the poultry sector. It has zoonotic potential and acts as a source of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes for other E. coli. This study aimed to assess phylogenetic groups, virulence factors, and resistance phenotypes of APEC strains isolated from broiler farms in Northern Palestine.  A total of 65 APEC isolates were recovered from diseased chickens with typical colibacillosis symptoms from broiler farms located in the northern region of Palestine from May to July 2024. Strains were identified using classical and molecular techniques. Antibiotic resistance was detected using the disk diffusion method. Phylotyping and virulence genotyping of the APEC isolates were performed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR).  This study showed a high detection rate of APEC strains (100%) in chickens. The most APEC strains, 56/65 (86.2%), belonged to group D. Other strains were assigned to groups B2 (5/65, 7.7%), B1 (3/65, 4.6%), and A (1/65, 1.5%). Antibiotic resistance ranged from 27.7% for Polymyxin E (colistin) to 100% for Amoxicillin. Polymyxin E (colistin) and fosfomycin are the most effective drugs. The most common virulence gene was iroN, which was detected in 61 isolates (93.8%). The APEC strains in Palestine exhibit a wide variety of resistance patterns and genetic variations.  Controlling APEC infections is essential for public health, especially when APEC isolates can pass on resistance and virulence genes to dangerous bacteria such as E. coli that are particular to humans. It is essential to understand APEC pathogenesis, antimicrobial therapy, and the development of measures to control colibacillosis. 

The sinoatrial node is responsible for the intrinsic electrical activation that in mammals leads to coordinated rhythmic contractions of the heart, from where it is distributed through the atrial tissue to the atrioventricular node. This study aimed to conduct a histological and morphometric study of the components and cells in cardiac nodes altered by myocardial infarction (MI) and compare them with normal tissues in humans and pigs.  We analyzed 10 human hearts and 10 pig hearts that died from MI and compared them with 10 healthy control hearts from each species. Histological sections of 5 μm thickness were obtained using a microtome and stained with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome. The identification and assessment of the percentage of connective tissue and cellularity in the cardiac nodes were performed.  We observed a decreased size of cardiac nodes in humans and pigs, as well as an increased percentage of fibrosis inside the nodes, and changes in the size of the nodal cells and surrounding cardiomyocytes (decrease or hypertrophy) were observed. Cartilaginous metaplasia was also found in the cardiac skeleton of all pig samples.  In the present study, a significant increase in collagen fibers and a decrease in cellularity were found in cardiac nodes in samples from humans and pigs with MI. These findings would explain the presence of arrhythmias, which often lead to death. 

Cetaceans and sirenians are endangered marine mammals that are threatened by stranding and mortality. In Thailand’s Andaman Sea, limited data exist on the causes and patterns of these events. This retrospective study investigated the characterization and underlying causes of cetacean and sirenian mortality events in the Andaman Sea from 2018 to 2023 using information from the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Thailand.  Data on 363 stranded marine mammals, including both live and dead strandings, species types, carcass condition, and necropsy findings and diagnoses, were gathered and analyzed to classify and determine the main factors contributing to mortality, encompassing both direct human-related and non-direct human-related causes.  From 2018 to 2023, 231 cetaceans and 132 sirenians were documented, representing six families and 19 species. Of these animals, 18.18% (66/363) were stranded alive and 81.81% (297/363) were found dead. The most common species were dugong (Dugong dugon) and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis). Detailed postmortem analyses of 107 specimens showed that 17.76% (19/107) of deaths were anthropogenic, affecting 8 sirenians and 11 cetaceans. The majority of deaths were non-anthropogenic, involving 34 sirenians and 54 cetaceans. In addition, 223 stranded animals could not be fully assessed due to carcass condition.  A high cetacean and sirenian mortality rate in the Andaman Sea can be attributed to non-anthropogenic factors. The dugong and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin were the most frequently encountered species. This report enhances our understanding of marine mammal mortality in Thailand and underscores the need for improved health management and diagnostic responses. 

The effects of phycocyanin (PC) on pigmentation have been extensively studied in fish; however, its specific impact on crustaceans, particularly Procambarus clarkii, remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of PCs extracted from Arthrospira platensis BUUC1503 on the color enhancement of P. clarkii crayfish when added to food pellets.  The following five dietary treatments were prepared: a control (without PC) and four experimental diets with PC supplementation at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 500 mg/kg. The stability of the pellets in water was ensured for 180 min. P. clarkii crayfish were fed these diets at 5% of their body weight daily for 10 weeks. Body weight and total length were measured. Color changes in P. clarkii were also assessed. After the experiments, we treated the samples according to Animal Welfare Technical Information No.16.8 Correct euthanasia of decapods.  Although PC supplementation did not significantly affect the yellowness (b^* value) of P. clarkii, it significantly enhanced the redness (a^* value) and lightness (L^* value) pigmentation compared with the control. At week 10, crayfish fed a diet containing 100 mg/kg PC exhibited the highest L^* value (36.51 ± 1.59) (p < 0.001). Diet with 500 mg/kg PCs had the highest a^* value (26.96 ± 0.64) (p < 0.001). Crayfish fed 50, 100, or 500 mg/kg PC had the highest survival rate (100%). PCs appear to positively affect weight gain in P. clarkii crayfish during weeks 8, 9, and 10 (p = 0.013, 0.003, and 0.034, respectively). However, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in length among the dietary treatments.  PCs effectively weight-gain and enhance red pigment deposition in the epidermal layer of P. clarkii. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. 

Aluminum (AL) is commonly found in food, drinking, air, and soil and it can be a serious contaminant in varying amounts. Therefore, this study investigated the biochemical and histological hazardous reactions to aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and the efficiency of the methanol extract of Delonix regia aerial parts with gum Arabic (GA) as anti-toxic therapies to return to a natural state after AlCl3 exposure.  A total of 20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. (i) CG: Served as a control group. (ii) AlCl3: Rats were exposed to 80 mg/kg/body weight (BW) AlCl3. (iii) AlCl3 + D. regia/GA: rats were administered AlCl3 + 100 mg/kg B.W. with 15% BW of D. regia and GA, respectively. (iv) D. regia/GA: Rats were administered 100 mg/kg B.W. with 15% BW D. regia and GA, respectively. The experimental treatment was administered for 30 days. On the 30th day, blood biochemical parameters were assessed, and specimens from the liver and kidney were collected and stored in a neutral buffer with 10% formalin until immediate histopathological examination after euthanasia.  This study revealed a significant increase in white blood cells and platelets after AlCl3 exposure compared with CG, while there was a decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume. Treatment with D. regia/GA improved lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Furthermore, the animals exposed to AlCl3 showed a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase compared with CG, whereas AlCl3 + D. regia/GA treatment improved these activities. In addition, the rats exposed to AlCl3 had significantly increased glucose, lipase, amylase, triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels, and D. regia/GA treatment significantly improved these levels compared with AlCl3. This study reported no significant differences in Ca and Na concentrations among groups, but rats exposed to AlCl3 had elevated K, Cl, and Mg levels, whereas D. regia/GA treatment improved these levels.  The co-administration of the methanolic extract of D. regia with GA can protect against AlCl3 toxicity. 

Enzootic bovine leukemia is highly prevalent in most dairy farms, and strategies to reduce both vertical and horizontal transmission are being investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the rate of in utero infection, transmission of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to calves through colostrum and milk, and the effectiveness of colostrum and milk pasteurization in reducing BLV transmission to calves.  This study included four groups of calves from seropositive and seronegative cows. Group 1: Calves from BLV-positive cows (n = 11) were fed pasteurized colostrum and milk; Group 2: Calves from BLV-negative cows (n = 9) were fed pasteurized colostrum and milk; Group 3: calves from BLV-positive cows (n = 16) were fed unpasteurized colostrum and milk; and Group 4: calves from BLV-negative cows (n = 9) were fed unpasteurized colostrum and milk. In utero infection was evaluated using blood samples collected from calves before colostrum ingestion (day 0), and BLV transmission through colostrum and/or milk was evaluated by collecting blood samples after colostrum ingestion (days 1, 7, and 30). Samples seropositive on days 0 and/or 30 were also analyzed for the presence of viral DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR).  All calves born to BLV seronegative cows (Groups 2 and 4) tested negative on days 0 and 30, indicating a lack of virus transmission via tank milk. Among the calves from Group 1, we found one in utero infection, and among the nine calves serologically positive on day 30, we found four positives by nPCR. Within Group 3, we found one in utero infection, and among the 10 calves serologically positive on day 30, we found 7 also positive by nPCR.  The transmission of BLV through colostrum is central to the persistence of this virus in dairy cattle. Molecular detection of BLV in seropositive calves during the 1st month of life, followed by culling, may be a valuable eradication strategy. 

There are several challenges in implementing a meaningful One Health program. These include (a) understanding the language, intricacies, idiosyncrasies, and outcome indicators for each sector in multi-sectoral collaborations, (b) requirement of each partner to be trained outside their area of expertise, (c) absence of analysis of economics and long-term benefits, (d) complexities of the coordination and hand-holding of the various partners, and (e) uninterrupted financing of large consortia. There is, however, a clear understanding of the need for a team effort to support sustainable and progressive development. To achieve such an effort in India, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, through prolonged deliberation, initiated a One Health project to understand the pervasiveness of the ten most critical zoonotic diseases through a nationwide study of the prevalence of these diseases in animals and to estimate the burden of the same diseases in clinical syndromes encountered in hospital settings. At the end of the project, we hope to map the spread and potential hotspots of the various diseases studied to undertake further collaborative studies focusing on diseases specific to particular geographic locations in the future. This review outlines the One Health initiatives in India and describes the difficulties in implementing the DBT One Health Consortium project. 

As living standards improve and consumption patterns shift, the market for goose meat continues to grow because of its exceptional dietary quality and distinctive flavor. The composition and content of amino acids are critical for determining the nutritional value and flavor of meat. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value and flavor of 10 Chinese native geese germplasms based on their amino acid content and composition.  A total of 568 geese from 10 Chinese native geese germplasms reared under identical conditions were slaughtered at 10 weeks of age. The pectoralis and thigh muscles (thighs) were collected to determine the amino acid content using an amino acid analyzer. Subsequently, diversity, variance, cluster, and principal component analyses were performed to identify superior germplasm with improved nutrition and flavor.  The results revealed 17 amino acids in goose meat, with Glutamate and Aspartate being the most abundant. The amino acid scores of goose meat exceeded the values recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. The Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (1.72–2.07) indicated a high degree of diversity in amino acid content among geese germplasms. The pectoralis exhibited significantly higher amino acid content (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) than the thigh, except for the essential amino acids to total amino acids ratio (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The 10 germplasms were categorized into four clusters, with Wanxi (WX) and Taizhou (TZ) geese grouped in Cluster I, displaying significantly higher nutritional value and flavor (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) than other germplasms.  Germplasms with superior nutritional value and flavor (WX and TZ) were identified among 10 Chinese native geese germplasms, providing valuable insights for the conservation of existing germplasms and the cultivation of new goose breeds with improved meat quality. 

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan and a major foodborne pathogen worldwide. Nearly, all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to toxoplasmosis, with raw and undercooked meat and animal products serving as the primary transmission routes. To date, the distribution of T. gondii among farm animals in Kazakhstan has been inadequately studied. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of antibodies against T. gondii in cattle and sheep in the Akmola and Kostanay regions.  Blood samples were randomly collected from 437 cattle and 397 sheep from two regions of Kazakhstan: Akmola and Kostanay. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the native protein Toxoplasma surface antigen 1 was used for serological analysis.  The occurrences of T. gondii were 8.0% and 3.8% among cattle and 42.1% and 19.0% among sheep in the Akmola and Kostanay regions, respectively. Antibodies against T. gondii were detected in all study areas. The greatest frequency of seropositive reactions in cattle was observed in the Arshaly region (9.0%), whereas the least frequent was observed in Arkalyk (3.3%). The highest occurrence of seropositive reactions among sheep was found in the Zerenda region (54.5%), whereas the lowest was found in the Auliekol region (15.6%).  The obtained results confirmed the circulation of the T. gondii pathogen among cattle and sheep in the investigated regions. These findings provide insight into the current distribution of this zoonotic parasite among farm animals in Kazakhstan. 

The success of semen cryopreservation relies on several aspects, including breed, age, season, collection method, extender composition, cooling rate, equilibration period, freezing rate, and thawing rate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cooling and equilibration duration, as well as the addition of antioxidants to the semen extender, on the cryopreservation of swamp buffalo semen.  Semen collected from swamp buffalo bulls was subjected to four different conditions: (T1) 2-h cooling and 2-h equilibration, (T2) 1.5-h cooling and 1.5-h equilibration, (T3) 1-h cooling and 1-h equilibration, and (T4) 0.5-h cooling and 0.5-h equilibration. Spermatozoa motility was evaluated using a computer-assisted semen analyzer. Moreover, this study also investigated the effect of antioxidant supplementation during cryopreservation using tris-citrate egg yolk extenders enriched with various antioxidants: Control (Con), 1 mM melatonin (ML), 0.5 mM gamma-oryzanol (GO), 10 μM canthaxanthin (CX), 1 mM melatonin + 0.5 mM gamma-oryzanol (ML + GO), and 1 mM melatonin + 10 μM canthaxanthin (ML + CX).  Results showed that the (T1) 2-h cooling and 2-h equilibration and (T2) 1.5-h cooling and 1.5-h equilibration groups achieved higher progressive motility than the (T3) 1-h cooling and 1-h equilibration and (T4) 0.5-h cooling and 0.5-h equilibration groups. The ML-treated group exhibited superior progressive motility and total motility.  The optimal approach for cryopreserving swamp buffalo bull semen involves a 1.5-h cooling period followed by a 1.5-h equilibration period, with the incorporation of ML into the semen extender. 

Fasciola spp. are important trematodes of public health concern in various animals, including camels. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of liver flukes in camels, to determine the molecular confirmation of Fasciola, and to perform phylogenetic analysis of study isolates to identify the species of Fasciola.  In total, 107 slaughtered camels were inspected to collect liver flukes that were examined molecularly using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm Fasciola species. Then, the study isolates were sequenced, submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, and analyzed phylogenetically to identify the species of each study isolate.  Liver flukes were detected in 17.67% of the camels. Regarding the migratory stages of the collected worms, juvenile worms (73.91%) were significantly more prevalent than adult worms (26.09%). Regarding the risk factors, a significantly greater occurrence rate and risk of infection was detected in Al-Najaf compared with Al-Muthanna, as well as in younger camels (1–4 years) compared with older camels. Although the occurrence rate of liver flukes was insignificantly different between females (9.38%) and males (6.98%), females appeared to be at a significantly higher risk of infection than males. Molecularly, 33.33% of the worm samples were positive for species in the Fasciola genus. Phylogenetic analysis of all positive PCR products (total no = 19) confirmed that 63.16% of the local Fasciola spp. isolates were related to the NCBI-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (NCBI-BLAST) Saudi Arabian Fasciola hepatica isolate at an identity range of 95.94%–99%; while 36.84% of the local Fasciola spp. isolates were related to the NCBI-BLAST Iranian F. gigantica isolate at an identity range of 97.73%–99%.  This study found a 17.67% occurrence of Fasciola spp. in camels, with juvenile worms being more common than adult worms. Molecular analysis revealed that 63.16% of the isolates were related to F. hepatica from Saudi Arabia, while 36.84% matched F. gigantica from Iran. Younger camels and those from Al-Najaf were at higher risk, highlighting the need for targeted control measures. 

Leishmania infantum infection in dogs has several clinical manifestations. Glomerulonephritis, caused by circulating immune complexes, may cause proteinuria and progress to kidney failure, which is the primary cause of death in dogs with canine leishmaniasis (CanL). Renal proteinuria can be monitored in dogs with CanL for the early detection of renal involvement. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a neutrophil-derived protein that is filtered by glomeruli and reabsorbed by proximal tubular cells. Urinary NGAL (uNGAL) is a sensitive marker of acute and chronic kidney disease in dogs. This study aimed to evaluate uNGAL concentrations in dogs naturally affected by CanL, to determine whether uNGAL concentration differs depending on the stage of disease based on the LeishVet and International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) classification systems, to compare uNGAL concentration with selected urinary and biochemical parameters related to kidney function, and to assess the clinicopathological status of dogs affected by CanL.  We assessed uNGAL concentrations in 37 privately owned dogs naturally affected by CanL, in which urinary tract infections were excluded based on negative urine culture. No dog exhibited clinical signs related to impaired renal function. uNGAL concentration evaluated in dogs affected by CanL was compared to the one previously analyzed in the control group. Furthermore, the uNGAL concentration was compared between leishmaniasis dogs with biochemical and urinary parameters inside or outside the normal range and between dogs with different clinical stages of leishmaniasis based on the LeishVet clinical staging guidelines and IRIS classification.  The median uNGAL concentration in affected dogs was 50.2 ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that in healthy dogs (9.74 ng/mL [p = 0.0025]). uNGAL concentration was significantly higher in proteinuric leishmaniosis dogs than in non-proteinuric leishmaniosis dogs (p = 0.0001). Dogs classified as LeishVet clinical stage III had a higher mean uNGAL concentration than those classified as stage II (p = 0.0001) and median uNGAL concentration was statistically higher in dogs classified as IRIS stage 1 than in dogs affected by CanL with no clinical and pathological signs of renal disease. The amount of proteinuria and urinary sediment hyaline cast per high-power field of the microscope and total serum protein concentrations were significantly correlated with uNGAL concentration.  To the best of our knowledge, only a few studies have measured uNGAL in dogs naturally affected by CanL. Although limited by the small number of cases, this study highlighted a significant increase in uNGAL levels in affected dogs compared with healthy dogs and confirmed the correlation between proteinuria and urinary excretion of uNGAL in dogs with leishmaniasis. This suggests that uNGAL can be used as a marker of kidney damage in dogs affected by CanL. 

The rise of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine is a significant concern, particularly for pathogens responsible for skin infections. Although Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (stevia) has demonstrated effective antimicrobial properties, there is limited research on its efficacy against animal skin pathogens. This study aimed to identify natural compounds in stevia extract, develop a topical spray formulation, and assess its effectiveness against six common bacterial and fungal pathogens associated with animal skin infections.  The aerial parts of stevia plants were extracted using hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified using colorimetric assays. The volatile oil content was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity of stevia extract against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Malassezia pachydermatis, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum gallinae, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was evaluated using broth microdilution and time-kill tests. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (E-SEM) and leakage studies were conducted to assess the extract’s impact on microbial morphology and cell membrane integrity. The antimicrobial efficacy and stability of a topical spray formulation containing stevia extract were evaluated using time-kill and freeze-thaw testing.  The stevia extract yield was 3.59% of the dry plant weight with 259.96 ± 23.66 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract of total phenolics and 247.41 ± 19.92 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g extract of total flavonoids. GC-MS analysis identified major volatile components, including N-acetyl-14, 15, 16-trinorlabd-8(17)-en-13-amine (37.70% of peak area), phytol (11.02% of peak area), (-)-spathulenol (9.46% of peak area), n-hexadecanoic acid (8.01% of peak area), and (diphenylphosphinoyloxymethyl) dimethylsilane (7.59% of peak area). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract against the tested microorganisms ranged from 0.25 to 128.00 mg/mL. Time-kill kinetics exhibited time- and concentration-dependent germicidal effects. E-SEM and cell leakage analyses indicated that stevia extract compromised microbial cell membrane integrity. A spray formulation containing 10% w/w stevia extract displayed excellent eradication efficacy, achieving a 99.9999% reduction of S. pseudintermedius and a 99.999% reduction of M. pachydermatis and dermatophytes, with good stability after six freeze-thaw cycles.  Stevia extract is an effective antimicrobial against S. pseudintermedius, M. pachydermatis, Mi. canis, Mi. gypseum, Mi. gallinae, and T. mentagrophytes in vitro. Future research will investigate the pharmaceutical properties and toxicity profiles of purified compounds and determine appropriate dosages and clinical efficacy. 

Ultrasound elastography provides diagnostic information based on tissue elasticity. There is a lack of specific studies on the application of elastography in canine intestinal assessment. Therefore, we reviewed comparative medicine studies and those referring to the literature listed in the databases. Static and dynamic elastography techniques are widely applied in human intestinal diseases, especially Chron’s disease, but few studies have investigated the application of these modalities in canine enteropathies. This case raises questions about the use of new diagnostic imaging techniques in veterinary gastroenterology and highlights the need for further research. Hence, this study aimed to review the literature on the physical principles of elastography and its clinical application in the intestinal evaluation of dogs. 

Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is an autosomal recessive inherited disease that affects different dog breeds. It has an invariably fatal outcome once the clinical symptoms begin. This study aimed to investigate the population behavior of the mutation superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) c.118: G˃A responsible for the high risk of developing DM in two populations of German Shepherd dogs from Uruguay and Paraguay.  A total of 158 German Shepherd dogs from Uruguay (n = 114) and Paraguay (n = 44) were analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral whole blood. The SOD1 c.118: G˃A mutation was identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and subsequently validated using sequencing. Allelic and genotypic frequencies and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were calculated for both populations. The rate of clinical progression was evaluated in animals homozygous for the mutation.  The frequencies of allele A associated with a higher risk of DM, were 0.15 and 0.23 in Paraguay and Uruguay, respectively. Paraguay’s population was found to be in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p = 1.00), whereas the population of dogs from Uruguay deviated from equilibrium (p = 0.008). When comparing the populations, no significant difference was observed in the distribution of genotypes (p = 0.26). When evaluating the clinical progression rate, all animals aged >10 years showed clinical symptoms compatible with DM.  This study demonstrated for the first time the presence of the SOD1:c118 G>A mutation in German Shepherd dogs from Uruguay and Paraguay. The frequency detected in Uruguay was significant. Although the frequency was lower in Paraguay, the allele was present. This demonstrates the need to implement genotyping tests as part of a possible DM control program in both countries studied. 

Gumboro disease is an economically crucial veterinary condition in chickens. It is caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). This virus consists of two serotype groups, of which serotype I strain is pathogenic to chickens. For many years, the development of molecular techniques for either diagnostic purposes or surveillance of the appearance of new pathogenic strains has mainly focused on targeting the VP2 genomic region. However, due to the constant necessity for the discrimination between already prevalent vaccine strains and new pathogenic strains of this virus, it becomes imperative to have an immediate molecular method targeting a consensus sequence to achieve this task using field samples to reduce costs. Consequently, we focused on developing a novel reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure solely for this purpose.  Eight VP5 sequences were aligned, and the sequence with the majority of nucleotide coincidences was used to design a set of consensus primers. Then, a pathogenic strain of IBDV was propagated in embryonated chicken eggs, and the viral RNA was extracted. Finally, the conditions for this novel RT-PCR were evaluated using a commercial kit and the newly designed primers.  After determining the optimal RT-PCR conditions, the newly designed primers successfully amplified a 402-bp consensus sequence of the VP5 gene. In addition, these primers specifically amplified the VP5 sequence of the IBDV-positive samples, not the other samples previously confirmed to be positive for other common poultry pathogens.  Our novel RT-PCR procedure has been demonstrated to be helpful in selectively amplifying the consensus sequence of the VP5 gene, indicating that this novel RT-PCR procedure constitutes an important and useful tool to execute initial discrimination of field-retrieved samples containing and not containing virulent strains of this virus before deciding to execute a blindly and more costly sequencing procedure of all the samples together.